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Abstrak :
Vladimir Putin's intervention into the Georgia/​South Ossetia conflict in summer 2008 was quickly recognized by Western critics as an attempt by Russia to increase its presence and power in the "near abroad", or the independent states of the former Soviet Union that Russia still regards as its wards. Though the global economic recession that began in 2008 moved the incident to the back of the world's mind, Russia surged to the forefront again six years later when they invaded the heavily Russian Crimea in Ukraine and annexed it. In contrast to the earlier Georgia episode, this new conflict has generated a crisis of global proportions, forcing European countries to rethink their relationship with Russia and their reliance on it for energy supplies, as Russia was now squeezing natural gas from what is technically Ukraine. In Near Abroad, the eminent political geographer Gerard Toal analyzes Russia's recent offensive actions in the near abroad, focusing in particular on the ways in which both the West and Russia have relied on Cold War-era rhetorical and emotional tropes that distort as much as they clarify. In response to Russian aggression, US critics quickly turned to tried-and-true concepts like "spheres of influence" to condemn the Kremlin. Russia in turn has brought back its long tradition of criticizing western liberalism and degeneracy to grandly rationalize its behavior in what are essentially local border skirmishes. It is this tendency to resort to the frames of earlier eras that has led the conflicts to "jump scales," moving from the regional to the global level in short order. The ambiguities and contradictions that result when nations marshal traditional geopolitical arguments-rooted in geography, territory, and old understandings of distance-further contributes to the escalation of these conflicts. Indeed, Russia's belligerence toward Georgia stemmed from concern about its possible entry into NATO, an organization of states thousands of miles away. American hawks also strained credulity by portraying Georgia as a nearby ally in need of assistance. Similarly, the threat of NATO to the Ukraine looms large in the Kremlin's thinking, and many Ukrainians themselves self-identify with the West despite their location in Eastern Europe

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Serangan Amerika Serikat terhadap Afghanistan memicu berbagai interpretasi mengenai motif negara adidaya tersebut dari beragam kalangan di dunia internasional. Pandangan yang berkembang secara umum terbagi menjadi dua, yakni pandangan yang berupaya menjelaskan murni dengan alasan ekonomi-politik, serta pandangan yang berupaya menjelaskan murni dengan alasan identitas/kultur/peradaban. Dalam skripsi ini diberikan suatu analisis alternatif dari perspektif geopolitik kulturalis, yang mencoba secara eklektik mengambil kedua unsur tersebut dalam proporsinya masing-masing tanpa saling menegasikan signifikansi satu sama lain untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang akhirnya turut membentuk dan menghasilkan fenomena serangan tersebut. ABSTRACT The US attack on Afghanistan has triggered various interpretations among the international community regarding the motive of the superpower country. In general, there are two mainstream prevailing perspectives, namely the one attempting to explain the phenomenon with pure economic-political motive, and the one that explains through a pure identity/cultural/civilizational approach. This thesis offers an alternative analysis taken from the so-called cultural-geopolitics perspective that tries in eclectic manner to take both elements in their respective proportion without negating each other?s significance in shaping the eventual phenomenon took place.

Abstrak :
Goepolitik berperan penting terhadap eksitensi sebuah bahasa dan bangsa. Perencanaan bahasa di sebuah negara menjadi penting karena dapat berperan menjaga kebutuhan bangsa, melancarkan hubungan diplomatik, dan melakukan ekspansi bahasa bagi kebutuhan industri dan ekonomi...

Abstrak :
This book provides an explanation of Chinese policy towards the South China Sea, and argues that this has been sculpted by the changing dynamics of the law of the sea in conjunction with regional geopolitical flux.The past few decades have witnessed a bifurcated trend in China's management of territorial disputes. Over the years, while China gradually calmed and settled most land-border disputes with its neighbors, disputes on the ocean frontier continued to simmer in a seething cauldron. China's Policy towards the South China Sea attributes the distinctive path of China's approach to maritime disputes to a unique factor--the law of the sea (LOS) as the "rules of the road" in the ocean. By deconstructing the concept of "sovereignty" and treating the LOS as an evolving regime, the book examines how the changing dynamics of the LOS regime have complicated and reshaped the nature and content of sovereign disputes in the ocean regime as well as the options of settlement. Applying the findings to the South China Sea case, the author traces the learning curve on which China has embarked to comprehend the complexity of the dispute accordingly and finds that it is the dynamic interaction of the law of the sea regime and the geopolitical conditions that has driven the evolution of China's South China Sea policy. This book will be of great interest to students of Chinese and Asian politics, international law, international relations and security studies

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ABSTRAK
Tugas Karya Akhir ini membahas pemanfaatan situasi ketergantungan yang diciptakan oleh Australia sebagai strategi geopolitiknya terhadap Papua Nugini (PNG) dan Nauru terkait implementasi kebijakan Operation Sovereign Border (OSB) pada tahun 2013. Strategi geopolitik tersebut dapat dilihat dari aktivitas Australia yang menanamkan pengaruh dan menciptakan ketergantungan pada PNG dan Nauru. Untuk menjelaskan operasional strategi tersebut digunakan teori ketergantungan. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah kualitatif dengan teknik studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumen. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyaluran dana bantuan luar negeri Australia terhadap PNG dan Nauru telah menciptakan ketergantungan yang membuat kedua negara tersebut bersikap kooperatif dalam implementasi kebijakan OSB.

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ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the utilization of dependency structure by Australia as a geopolitical strategy over Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Nauru related to Operation Sovereign Border (OSB) policy implementation in 2013. The geopolitical strategy was shown by the activities of Australia which put influences and creates domination over PNG and Nauru. Dependency theory is used to explain the strategy operationalization. The research methodology was qualitative through literature study and documents study as the methods for collecting data. The research shows that Australia’s foreign aid expenses over PNG and Nauru have created a dependency structure that makes both countries cooperative in Australia’s OSB policy implementations.

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ABSTRAK
The study of art history in Japan began in earnest, as was the case with other academic discipline, after the Meiji Restoration, when the academic system of the West was introduced to Japan in many different areas.