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"Backgrounds: Gastrointestinal bleeding such as hematemesis or melena are common conditions in clinical practice and endoscopic service. The mortality rate due to gastrointestinal bleeding is relatively high. In this study, we evaluate the causes of hematemesis melena for the last 5 years and the factors associated with the bleeding.Methods: The study was done retrospectively. We obtained data from medical record of patients that performed endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract in Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital (Jakarta, Indonesia) during the period of 2001 to 2005.Results: Of 4.154 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy from 2001 to 2005, we found that 837 patients (20.1%) were due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. They were 552 male (65.9%) and 285 female patients (34.1%). Mean age of male patients was 52.7 ± 15.82 years, while for female patients was 54.46 ± 17.6 years. Of 837 patients who came due to hematemesis were 150 patients (17.9%), melena were 310 patients (37.8%), both melena and hematemesis were 371 patients (44.3%), 557 cases (66.5 %) due to non varices. Endoscopic results showed that 280 cases (33.4%) were due to esophageal varices. In general, this study had demonstrated that esophageal varices was the most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We found 229 cases of esophageal varices were coincidence with portal hypertensive gastropathy. While ulcer was found in 225 cases (26.9%) and most of them were gastric ulcer (51.1%). Of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophageal varices, most were grade HI in 138 cases (49.3%). The incidence of bleeding of bleeding were found more frequently in patients age group of 40 - 60 years (389 cases; 46.5%), > 60 years (305 cases; 36.2%), < 40 years (242 cases; 16.8%). The causes of bleeding in patients whose age > 60 years, most were caused by ulcer (37.4%). In this study, we also found that cancer as the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in 26 cases (3.1%). Gastrointestinal cancer comprised of gastric cancer in 15 cases (57.7%), duodenal cancer in 7 cases (26.9%), and esophageal cancer in 4 patients (15.4%).Conclusion: The most frequent cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was esophageal varices and usually had reached stage HI. The non variceal cause of bleeding was gastric cancer. Upper gastrointestinal malignancy was also found to be the etiology of bleeding in this study."

"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the emergency conditions in the field of gastroenterology and variceal blending is the. most common cause of it. Gastric varices accounts only 5% to 10% of all causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding respectively, but it could be fatal and difficult to control despite provision of adequate therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate management may decrease the morbidity and mortality of gastric variceal bleeding."

"Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the mainstay of secondary prevention treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and ischemic stroke, especially after coronary intervention. DAPT consists of aspirin and P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (e.g. clopidogrel), and the use of DAPT has been increased over time. The most serious and common adverse effect is gastrointestinal bleeding. Guidelines in managing such condition are available among Gastroenterologist Societies and Cardiologist Societies. Most guidelines are consistent with each other to continue the use of aspirin while withholding P2Y12. However, European Society of Cardiologist (ESC) guideline in 2017 recommends P2Y12 receptor inhibitor as the preferred antiplatelet for patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This review will look on the guidelines and other supporting evidence for the justification on the antiplatelet of choice."

"Proton pump inhibitors (PPls) are the most effective anti secretory drugs available for controlling gastricacid acidity and volume. They are the drug of choice in the treatment for gastro esophageal reflux disease(GERD), Helicobacter pylori eradication, peptic ulcer and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)gastropathy. For acute cases, on intravenous PPI is needed, especially for hospitalized patient. Recently,intravenous pantoprazole represents an alternative to intravenous histamine-2 receptor antagonists. Weobserved 2 patients who were treated with pantoprazole for duodenal ulcer; where one case had acomplication of bleeding with a history of long term use of NSAID. After two weelrs of treatment withpantoprazole, significant lesion healing from endoscopy findings was achieved in both cases."

"Latar Belakang. Perdarahan saluran cerna bagian atas (SCBA) masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia. Penanganan yang tepat serta identifikasi faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi lamanya perawatan dapat mengurangi pembiayaan. Di Indonesia belum ada studi secara terkait faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarahan SCBA.Tujuan.Mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarahan SCBA. Metode. Desain penelitian kohort retrospektif dilakukanpada yang datang dengan perdarahan SCBA yang berobat di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Pengambilan sampel secara konsekutif dan dilakukan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Mann Whitney, hasil yang signifikan dilanjutkan analisis multivariat regresi multiple linier.Hasil. Penelitian melibatkan 133 subjek dengan rerata usia subjek 51 tahun (minimal 20 tahun, maksimal 83 tahun), subyek penelitian 57,1% subjek berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Analisis bivariat Endoskopi kurang dari 24 jam, Hemodinamik subyek, infeksi, gagal jantung, dan keganasan didapatkan memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pada pasien perdarahan SCBA. Analisis multivariat mendapatkan keganasan, hemodinamik, infeksi dan lama tunggu endoskopi merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh dengan R square: 0,374. Kesimpulan. Endoskopi lebih dari 24 jam, hemodinamik subyek, infeksi selama perawatan, gagal jantung dan keganasan merupakan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi lamanya perawatan pasien dengan perdarhan SCBA.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding are prevalent cause of hospitalization. Risk factor identification of length of stay can minimize the cost. In Indonesia, there is no specific study about risk factor identification that prolong length of stay in upper Gastrointestinal bleeding patient. Objectives. To identification factors that influence length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleedingMethods. This is a retrospective cohort study, analyzing medical record upper gastrointestinal bleeding patient in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Consecutive sampling was performed with bivariate analysis is performed by using Mann Whitney analysis and Multivariate analysis by Regression linier.Result. A total of 133 subject enrolled in this study, withmedian age of subject was 51 years (minimal 20 years, maximal 83 years), male (57,1%). In bivariate analysis, late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection, heart failure, and malignancy in gastrointestinal tract influence the length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Multivariate analysis found late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection and malignancy has major impact.Conclusion. Late endoscopy (>24 hours), hemodynamic instability, nosocomial infection, and malignancy in gastrointestinal tract influence the length of stay patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding."

"Anak dengan kolestasis kronik memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami malnutrisi yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Berbagai faktor risiko penyebab malnutrisi pada kolestasis kronik penting untuk diidentifikasi agar penanganan malnutrisi lebih terarah. Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui prevalens, profil dan faktor risiko yang memengaruhi malnutrisi pada anak dengan kolestasis kronik. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada anak kolestasis kronik berusia 3 bulan – 5 tahun di klinik rawat jalan gastrohepatologi RSCM. Dilakukan pemeriksaan antropometri, status gizi, pola asupan nutrisi makronutrien dan mikronutrien dan identifikasi faktor risiko malnutrisi. Kemudian dinilai hubungan antara faktor risiko tersebut dengan status gizi. Dari 94 subyek didapatkan prevalens malnutrisi 53,3%, prevalens stunting 59,6%, prevalens mikrosefali 59,6%. Persentase subyek dengan riwayat rawat inap 71,1%, riwayat puasa 44,7%, asites sedang-masif 38,3% dan perdarahan saluran cerna 11,7%. Jumlah subyek dengan kekurangan asupan makronutrien: asupan kalori 67,1%, asupan karbohidrat 53,2%, asupan protein 13,8%, asupan lemak 77,7% dan asupan MCT 76,6%. Jumlah subyek dengan kekurangan asupan mikronutrien: vitamin A 56,4%, vitamin D 55,3%, vitamin E 21,3%, vitamin K 24,5%, vitamin B₁ 21,3%, vitamin B₂ 13,8%, vitamin B₆ 24,5%, vitamin B₁₂ 2,1%, vitamin C15,8%, zat besi 69,1%, seng 87,2%, fosfor 3,2% dan magnesium 66%. Faktor risiko yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan malnutrisi pada anak kolestasis kronik adalah perdarahan saluran cerna dan asites sedang-masif  dengan nilai p  0,001 dan 0,025. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan makronutrien, riwayat durasi rawat inap, riwayat durasi puasa dengan malnutrisi pada anak kolestasis kronik. Prevalens dan penyebab malnutrisi pada anak kolestasis kronik cukup tinggi dan bervariasi, dibutuhkan evaluasi status gizi berkala pada anak kolestasis kronik untuk mengatasi dan mencegah malnutrisi. Perdarahan saluran cerna dan asites sedang- masif sebagai faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap malnutrisi harus mendapat penanganan yang komprehensif agar pemberian asupan nutrisi tidak terhambat.

Kata kunci: kolestasis kronik, status gizi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, ascites, perdarahan saluran cerna.

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Abstract

Children with chronic cholestasis have a higher risk of malnutrition that affect growth and development in life. There are several risk factors that should be identified and managed to reduce the risk of malnutrition. In this study we want to know the prevalence of malnutrition, the profile and risk factors that are related to malnutrition in children with chronic cholestasis. This cross-sectional study involved children age 3 months to 5 years old at pediatrics gastro-hepatology clinic RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Methods include standard anthropometric examination, evaluation of nutritional status, pattern of intake nutrition and identification risk factors that are related to malnutrition. Out of 94 subjects, the prevalence of malnutrition is 53.3%, prevalence of stunting is 59.6% and prevalence of microcephaly is 59.6%. 71.1% had history of hospitalization, 44.7% had history of fasting, 38.3% had moderate and massive ascites, and 11.7% had gastro-intestinal bleeding. Insufficient daily macronutrient intake are as follows: calorie 67.1%, carbohydrate 53.2%, protein 13.8%, lipid 77.7% and MCT 76.6%. Insufficient daily micronutrient intake are as follows: vitamin A 56.4%, vitamin D 55.3%, vitamin E 21,3%, vitamin K 24,5%, vitamin B₁ 21,3%, vitamin B₂ 13.8%, vitamin B₆ 24.5%, vitamin B₁₂ 2.1%, vitamin C 15.8% Fe 69.1%, zinc 87.2 %, P 3.2% and Mg 66%. There were significant relationships between gastro-intestinal bleeding (p value of 0.001) and moderate-massive ascites (p value of 0.025) in nutrition status in children with chronic cholestasis. No relationships were observed among insufficient macronutrient intake, duration of hospitalization and duration of fasting with nutrition status in children with chronic cholestasis. The high prevalence of malnutrition in children with chronic cholestasis and the causes of malnutrition are varied. Although some causes have no specific treatment, all children with chronic cholestasis should have periodic nutritional evaluation to optimized macronutrient and vitamin intake. Comprehensive management moderate – massive ascites and gastro-intestinal bleeding are important to prevent malnutrition in children with chronic cholestasis."