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Abstrak :
Ganoderma lucidum (hereafter G. lucidum) has been known as a food and raw material used in the development of medications because of its high content of polysaccharides, or ?-glucans, which support the immune function. In this work, subcritical water was applied to utilize G. lucidum for the extraction of polysaccharides at temperatures of 373–463K and a pressure level of 4.0 MPa using a semi-batch system. Furthermore, these extracts were atomized and contacted with hot air to produce microsphere particles. During extraction, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides and protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the microsphere particles formed were spherical and dimpled or shriveled particles with diameters varying from 1 to 6 ?m. Characteristics of the molecular mass revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at around 688–2636 m/z with a peak-to-peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Batang bambu telah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi material komposit. Namun, serat sebagai komponen penyusun batang yang terkecil yang menyokong kekuatan dan kelenturan tanaman belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Ditambah lagi, sayangnya proses pembuatan material komposit dari bambu saat ini masih menggunakan bahan kimia yang dapat menjadikan sifat bambu tidak lagi ramah lingkungan. Dengan memanfaatkan kandungan lignoselulosa dalam serat bambu, penelitian ini mempelajari pembuatan papan komposit dari serat bambu Gigantochloa apus melalui mekanisme pengikatan biologis dengan menggunakan miselium jamur dari jenis Ganoderma lucidum. Batang bambu diekstraksi menjadi tiga macam bentuk serat: serat panjang, serat pendek, dan serbuk. Kemudian, serat-serat bambu saling terikat seiring dengan pertumbuhan miselium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa papan ini sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai komponen interior pada bangunan. Aplikasi papan ini pada bangunan terutama bangunan bertingkat tinggi yang memiliki kebutuhan yang tinggi akan komponen papan partisi dan papan insulasi diharapkan dapat mengantikan kebutuhan komponen bangunan serupa namun yang terbuat dari bahan baku dan metode yang tidak berkelanjutan.

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Bamboo as stems have been widely manufactured for composite. However, fiber as the smallest constituent component of bamboo stems supporting the strength and flexibility of the plant has not been widely employed as raw material. Unfortunately, the current manufacturing process of bamboo for composite by using chemical substances would have ended bamboo up as no longer environmentally friendly. By utilizing the lignocellulose content within its fiber, this research studied the fabrication of composite boards from Gigantochloa apus bamboo fibers-based through biologically binding mechanism by using fungal mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. Bamboo stems are extracted into three types of fibers: long fibers, short fibers, and powder. Then, the bamboo fibers are bound along with the growth of mycelium. The result shows that this board is highly potential to be used for interior purpose in a building. Application of this board in a building especially high rise building with high need of light-weight insulation and partition board is expected to replace the need for building components that have been made from unsustainable raw materials and methods.

Abstrak :
Ekstraksi dengan bantuan enzim dan gelombang mikro menjadi proses baru untuk mengekstrak polisakarida dari Ganoderma lucidum (PGL). Cellic® CTec2 dipilih sebagai en-zim yang membantu dalam ekstraksi gelombang mikro. Empat variabel yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi enzim (%), waktu reaksi enzimatik (menit), rasio pelarut terhadap padatan (mL/g), dan waktu ekstraksi gelombang mikro (menit). Analisis statistik dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi enzim dan rasio pelarut terhadap padatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap respons dalam rentang yang dipelajari. Rendemen ekstraksi polisakarida dari percobaan yang dilakukan pada kondisi optimum menunjukkan kesesuaian yang baik dengan prediksi dari model. Metode EMAE menunjukkan rendemen PGL yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode HWE. PGL dari metode EMAE memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 79,47 ± 0,71% (DPPH) dan 0,884 ± 0,013 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP), dimana nilai ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang diperoleh dari metode HWE yaitu 45,73 ± 1,79% (DPPH) dan 0,691 ± 0,038 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP). Selanjutnya kandungan ?-glukan PGL dari metode EMAE sebesar 0,70 ± 0,04 g/10 g, sedangkan dari metode HWE hanya 0,22 ± 0,03 g/10 g. ......Enzyme-Microwave Assisted Extraction (EMAE) is a new process for extracting Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs). Cellic® CTec2 was chosen as an enzyme that assists in microwave extraction. The four variables involved in this study were enzyme concentration (%), enzymatic reaction time (minutes), solvent-to-solid ratio (mL/g), and microwave extrac-tion time (minutes). This study showed that the enzyme concentration and solvent-to-solid ratio had a significant effect on the response in the range studied. Yield extraction of polysaccharides from experiments conducted at optimum conditions showed good agreement with the predictions from the model. The EMAE method showed a higher polysaccharide extraction yield than hot water extraction (HWE) method. GLPs from EMAE method had antioxidant activity of 79.47 ± 0.71% (DPPH) and 0.884 ± 0.013 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP), where these values were higher than those of the HWE method, 45.73 ± 1.79% (DPPH) and 0.691 ± 0.038 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP). Furthermore, the ?-glucan content of GLPs from the EMAE method was 0.70 ± 0.04 g/10 g, while from the HWE method was only 0.22 ± 0.03 g/10 g.