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"Penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan busuk akar yang disebabkan oleh jamur patogen Ganoderma merupakan penyakit yang menyebabkan kerugian pada komoditas Hutan Tanaman Industri seperti Kelapa Sawit. Pertumbuhan Ganoderma dapat dikendalikan dengan menggunakan mikroba biokontrol. Bakteri kelompok actinomycetes, dari genus Streptomyces telah banyak diteliti kemampuannya untuk menghasilkan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang bersifat antibiosis. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh masa delayed antagonistic test yang diperpanjang, medium dan lama fermentasi isolat S. cellulosae terhadap Ganoderma sp. TB3 dan TB4. Uji Antagonistis dilakukan dengan penundaan inokulasi selama 9 hari. Aktivitas antifungal dari S.cellulosae diujikan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi berumur 10 dan 14 hari pada medium CSM broth dan PDB yang disterilisasi dengan autoklaf dan membrane filter. Filtrat fermentasi terpilih dengan hambatan terbaik diekstraksi dan diujikan terhadap Ganoderma sp. pada konsentrasi 5.000, 10.000, 20.000 dan 40.000 ppm menggunakan metode paper disc diffusion. Aktivitas antagonistis S.cellulosae dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma sp. TB3 (83%) dan Ganoderma sp. TB4 (85%). Filtrat S.cellulosae menunjukkan hambatan paling optimal terhadap pertumbuhan Ganoderma sp. TB3 (94%) dan TB4 (93%) bila ditumbuhkan di medium CSM broth selama 14 hari dengan teknik sterilisasi membrane filter. Uji Antibiosis dengan ekstrak kasar mulai memperlihatkan hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan terhadap Ganoderma sp. TB3 (68%) dan TB4 (47%) pada konsentrasi 20.000 ppm.

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Basal stem rot and root rot diseases caused by pathogenic fungi Ganoderma are threatening diseases that can cause severe loss in industrial tree plantation commodities, including oil palm. The mycelial growth of Ganoderma can be managed using biological control microorganism. Bacteria from the group of Actinomycetes, namely Streptomyces has been widely researched because of their ability to produce various kinds of secondary metabolites which have antibiosis activity. This research was done to show the effect of prolonged delay antagonistic test, media and incubation period of S. cellulosae towards Ganoderma sp. TB3 and TB4. Antagonistic activity was assayed using the prolonged delay antagonistic test with a 9 days delay for Ganoderma inoculation. Antifungal activity of S.cellulosae was tested using fermentation filtrate of the isolate which had been grown for 10 and 14 days in CSM broth and PDB media by still culture method. Filtrates were sterilized using autoclave and membrane filter. The filtrate with highest inhibition activity was extracted and tested against Ganoderma at a concentration of 5.000, 10.000, 20.000 and 40.000 ppm using the paper disc diffusion method. Antagonistic activity of S.cellulosae can inhibit the growth of Ganoderma sp. TB3 (83%) and TB4 (85%). Culture filtrate from CSM broth at 14 days fermentation with membrane filter sterilization technique exhibited the maximum inhibition to Ganoderma sp. TB3 (94%) and TB4 (93%). Antibiosis assay of crude extract started to show 68% inhibition of Ganoderma sp. TB3 and 47% of Ganoderma sp. TB4 at a concentration of 20.000 ppm."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antagonistis 52 isolat actinomycetes terhadap 2 isolat Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Isolat actinomycetes tersebut berasal dari pesisir Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Isolat Ganoderma berasal dari hutan kota Wales Timur serta kawasan hijau seberang Stadion Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Penapisan aktivitas antagonistis dilakukan dengan metode plug dan metode cross streak. Hasil penapisan diperoleh satu isolat actinomycetes SM 12 yang menghambat pertumbuhan kedua isolat Ganoderma. Uji lanjutan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibiosis isolat SM 12 dilakukan dengan mencampurkan filtrat medium pertumbuhan SM 12 terhadap medium pertumbuhan Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Uji filtrat medium pertumbuhan pada hari ke-13 dan hari ke-16 inkubasi menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Sementara itu, aktivitas antagonistis dalam medium serbuk gergaji (bag log) tidak menunjukkan adanya hambatan pertumbuhan GanodermaTB3 dan TB4.

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Research about antagonistic activity of 52 isolates of actinomycetes against 2 isolates of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4 has been carried out. These actinomycetes were obtained from the of Pramuka Island Coast, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Ganoderma isolates were obtained from Hutan Kota Wales Timur and green areas opposite Stadion Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Screening of antagonistic activity was carried out by plug method and cross streak method. The results of screening showed one actinomycetes isolate, SM 12, which able to inhibit two Ganoderma isolates. Further test to determine the antibiosis activity of SM 12 was carried out by mixing the growth filtrate of SM 12 on the growth media of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4. The test of the growth filtrate after 13 and 16 days of incubation showed inhibition of the growth of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4. Meanwhile, the antagonistic activity test on the sawdust media (bag log) did not show any inhibition of the growth of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4."

"Ganoderma lucidum (hereafter G. lucidum) has been known as a food and raw material used in the development of medications because of its high content of polysaccharides, or ?-glucans, which support the immune function. In this work, subcritical water was applied to utilize G. lucidum for the extraction of polysaccharides at temperatures of 373–463K and a pressure level of 4.0 MPa using a semi-batch system. Furthermore, these extracts were atomized and contacted with hot air to produce microsphere particles. During extraction, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides and protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the microsphere particles formed were spherical and dimpled or shriveled particles with diameters varying from 1 to 6 ?m. Characteristics of the molecular mass revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at around 688–2636 m/z with a peak-to-peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans."

"Industri kelapa sawit berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang oleh Ganoderma boninense mengancam perkebunan kelapa sawit. Pengembangan agen biokontrol diperlukan sebagai alternatif dari penggunaan fungisida. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, kultur tunggal Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, dan Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 berhasil menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma boninense. Pada penelitian ini, ketiga bakteri tersebut disatukan sebagai ko-kultur. Uji Antagonis dan Antibiosis dilakukan untuk melihat kemampuan ko-kultur dalam menghambat Ganoderma boninense. Efektivitas hambatan direpresentasikan sebagai nilai Persentase Hambatan Pertumbuhan Radial (PHPR). Uji Antagonis dilakukan dengan metode pour plate dan paper disc dual culture pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Plate Count Agar (PCA). Berdasarkan pengujian, nilai PHPR pada metode pourplate mencapai 100% di kedua medium, sedangkan pada metode dual culture, nilai PHPR pada medium PCA (46,88%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan medium PDA (32,80%). Sementara itu, Fermentasi ko-kultur bakteri pada uji antibiosis dilakukan di dalam medium NB dengan dua variabel perlakuan, yakni lama fermentasi dan sumber karbon. Uji Antibiosis dengan filtrat hasil fermentasi dilakukan dengan metode Pour plate dan agar well diffusion. Uji antibiosis dengan metode pour plate memperoleh hambatan sebesar 100% pada ketiga variasi medium fermentasi, dan 94,94% pada variasi 5 hari di medium NB+Glukosa. Di samping itu, nilai PHPR pada metode agar well diffusion berkisar dalam rentang 22.57% sampai 43,74%. Perlu dilakukan analisis lebih lanjut mengenai kandungan senyawa antifungi yang dapat dihasilkan oleh ko-kultur tersebut serta pengembangan aplikasi ko-kultur pada tahap pembibitan kelapa sawit.

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The oil palm industry is crucial to the economic growth of Indonesia. However, Basal Stem Rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense poses a significant threat. This study aimed to develop biocontrol agents as an alternative to environmentally harmful fungicides. Previous research demonstrated that single cultures of Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 inhibit Ganoderma boninense. In this research, the inhibiton activities against Ganoderma boninense of these strains in co-culture were evaluated through antagonist and antibiosis assays, presenting results as Growth Inhibition Rates (GIR). Antagonistic tests, conducted using the pour plate method and paper disc dual culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Plate Count Agar (PCA) media, showed 100% inhibition with the pour plate method on both media. The dual culture method revealed higher GIR on PCA (46.88%) compared to PDA (32.80%). Antibiosis tests involved fermenting the co-culture in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium with varying fermentation durations and carbon sources. The pour plate method using fermentation filtrate achieved 100% inhibition across all media variations, with 94.94% in the 7-day NB+Glucose medium. GIR values from the agar well diffusion method ranged from 22.57% to 43.74%. Further analysis is required to identify antifungal compounds produced by the co-culture and to develop applications for co-culture in palm oil nurseries.

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"Sektor kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) berperan penting dalam perekonomian nasional, tetapi terancam oleh infeksi Ganoderma boninense yang menyebabkan penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang (BPB). Salah satu upaya pengendalian penyebaran fungi fitopatogen yaitu menggunakan bakteri antagonis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi antagonis ko-kultur Bacillus siamensis LDR dan Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 terhadap Ganoderma boninense melalui uji antagonis dan antibiosis. Uji antagonis dilakukan menggunakan metode dual culture berupa pour plate dan disc delayed culture pada medium. Filtrat ko-kultur yang difermentasi selama 5 dan 7 hari pada Nutrient Broth (NB) dan NB dengan tambahan glukosa digunakan untuk uji antibiosis menggunakan metode agar well diffusion dan pour plate. Uji antagonis maupun uji antibiosis dilakukan pada medium Plate Count Agar (PCA) dan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Potensi antagonis dan antibiosis ko-kultur bakteri terhadap fungi diukur berdasarkan diameter pertumbuhan fungi yang menunjukkan hambatan menggunakan rumus Growth Inhibition Rate (GIR). Hasil uji antagonis menunjukkan hambatan pertumbuhan fungi mencapai 69.63% ± 2,46% pada metode disc delayed culture sedangkan pada metode pour plate mencapai 100%. Sementara, filtrat hasil fermentasi ko-kultur bakteri berusia 5 hari dan 7 hari menghasilkan senyawa antifungi yang menghambat pertumbuhan fungi uji dengan GIR mencapai 100% pada metode pour plate dan 48,20% ± 2,23% pada metode agar well diffusion. Filtrat hasil fermentasi selama 5 hari menunjukkan performa antibiosis yang lebih baik. Sementara, penambahan glukosa pada proses fermentasi tidak meningkatkan performa antibiosis. Selanjutnya, perlu dilakukan identifikasi senyawa antifungi yang dihasilkan oleh ko-kultur B. siamensis LDR dan S. maltophilia G17.

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The oil palm sector (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plays a crucial role in the national economy but is threatened by Ganoderma boninense, causing Basal Stem Rot (BSR). One strategy to control the spread of this phytopathogenic fungus is to employ antagonistic bacteria. This research aims to assess the antagonistic potential of co-cultured Bacillus siamensis LDR and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 against G. boninense through antagonism and antibiosis assays. Antagonism assays were conducted using pour plate and disc delayed culture methods. Fermented co-culture filtrates (5 and 7-day) in Nutrient Broth (NB) and NB supplemented with glucose were utilized for antibiosis assays, using agar well diffusion and pour plate methods. Both assays were conducted on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Potency of bacterial co-culture against G. boninense were evaluated based on the inhibition diameter of fungal growth, calculated using the Growth Inhibition Rate (GIR) formula. The antagonism assay results showed fungal growth inhibition of 69.63% ± 2.46% with the disc delayed culture, while the pour plate achieved 100% inhibition. Meanwhile, the filtrate from the 5 and 7-day fermented bacterial co-culture produced antifungal compounds that inhibited fungal growth by 100% using the pour plate and 48.20% ± 2.23% using the agar well diffusion. The 5-day fermented filtrate showed better antibiosis performance. The addition of glucose during the fermentation process did not enhance antibiosis performance. Further identification of antifungal compounds produced by the B. siamensis LDR and S. maltophilia G17 co-culture is needed."

"Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik.

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One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity."

"ABSTRAKBatang bambu telah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi material komposit. Namun, serat sebagai komponen penyusun batang yang terkecil yang menyokong kekuatan dan kelenturan tanaman belum banyak dimanfaatkan. Ditambah lagi, sayangnya proses pembuatan material komposit dari bambu saat ini masih menggunakan bahan kimia yang dapat menjadikan sifat bambu tidak lagi ramah lingkungan. Dengan memanfaatkan kandungan lignoselulosa dalam serat bambu, penelitian ini mempelajari pembuatan papan komposit dari serat bambu Gigantochloa apus melalui mekanisme pengikatan biologis dengan menggunakan miselium jamur dari jenis Ganoderma lucidum. Batang bambu diekstraksi menjadi tiga macam bentuk serat: serat panjang, serat pendek, dan serbuk. Kemudian, serat-serat bambu saling terikat seiring dengan pertumbuhan miselium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa papan ini sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai komponen interior pada bangunan. Aplikasi papan ini pada bangunan terutama bangunan bertingkat tinggi yang memiliki kebutuhan yang tinggi akan komponen papan partisi dan papan insulasi diharapkan dapat mengantikan kebutuhan komponen bangunan serupa namun yang terbuat dari bahan baku dan metode yang tidak berkelanjutan.

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Bamboo as stems have been widely manufactured for composite. However, fiber as the smallest constituent component of bamboo stems supporting the strength and flexibility of the plant has not been widely employed as raw material. Unfortunately, the current manufacturing process of bamboo for composite by using chemical substances would have ended bamboo up as no longer environmentally friendly. By utilizing the lignocellulose content within its fiber, this research studied the fabrication of composite boards from Gigantochloa apus bamboo fibers-based through biologically binding mechanism by using fungal mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. Bamboo stems are extracted into three types of fibers: long fibers, short fibers, and powder. Then, the bamboo fibers are bound along with the growth of mycelium. The result shows that this board is highly potential to be used for interior purpose in a building. Application of this board in a building especially high rise building with high need of light-weight insulation and partition board is expected to replace the need for building components that have been made from unsustainable raw materials and methods."

"Ekstraksi dengan bantuan enzim dan gelombang mikro menjadi proses baru untuk mengekstrak polisakarida dari Ganoderma lucidum (PGL). Cellic® CTec2 dipilih sebagai en-zim yang membantu dalam ekstraksi gelombang mikro. Empat variabel yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi enzim (%), waktu reaksi enzimatik (menit), rasio pelarut terhadap padatan (mL/g), dan waktu ekstraksi gelombang mikro (menit). Analisis statistik dari hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi enzim dan rasio pelarut terhadap padatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap respons dalam rentang yang dipelajari. Rendemen ekstraksi polisakarida dari percobaan yang dilakukan pada kondisi optimum menunjukkan kesesuaian yang baik dengan prediksi dari model. Metode EMAE menunjukkan rendemen PGL yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode HWE. PGL dari metode EMAE memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 79,47 ± 0,71% (DPPH) dan 0,884 ± 0,013 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP), dimana nilai ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang diperoleh dari metode HWE yaitu 45,73 ± 1,79% (DPPH) dan 0,691 ± 0,038 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP). Selanjutnya kandungan ?-glukan PGL dari metode EMAE sebesar 0,70 ± 0,04 g/10 g, sedangkan dari metode HWE hanya 0,22 ± 0,03 g/10 g.

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Enzyme-Microwave Assisted Extraction (EMAE) is a new process for extracting Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs). Cellic® CTec2 was chosen as an enzyme that assists in microwave extraction. The four variables involved in this study were enzyme concentration (%), enzymatic reaction time (minutes), solvent-to-solid ratio (mL/g), and microwave extrac-tion time (minutes). This study showed that the enzyme concentration and solvent-to-solid ratio had a significant effect on the response in the range studied. Yield extraction of polysaccharides from experiments conducted at optimum conditions showed good agreement with the predictions from the model. The EMAE method showed a higher polysaccharide extraction yield than hot water extraction (HWE) method. GLPs from EMAE method had antioxidant activity of 79.47 ± 0.71% (DPPH) and 0.884 ± 0.013 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP), where these values were higher than those of the HWE method, 45.73 ± 1.79% (DPPH) and 0.691 ± 0.038 mM Fe2+/L (FRAP). Furthermore, the ?-glucan content of GLPs from the EMAE method was 0.70 ± 0.04 g/10 g, while from the HWE method was only 0.22 ± 0.03 g/10 g."