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"Dalam bab-bab dimuka tadi telah kita lihat setjara singkat mengenai Fraksi Nasional. Dan berdasarkan semuanja itu, dapatlah kita lihat bahwa Fraksi Nasional merupakan suatu kelompok jang menjatukan berbagai-bagai golongan bangsa Indonesia dalam Volksraad, untuk pertama kalinja. Dengan demikian bangsa Indonesia sedjak 1930, untuk pertama kalinja sedjak dibentuknja Volksraad pada tahun 1918, mempunjai kekuatan jang berarti didalam Volksraad. Selain itu, dapat kita lihat djuga, bahwa meskipun Fraksi Nasional adalah golongan co, (karena turut duduk didalam Volksraad) akan tetapi dari tudjuan dan sikapnja jang tegas jang selama itu telah diperlihatkannja, membuktikan bahwa didalam Volksraad itu Fraksi Nasional merupakan golongan oposisi. Kurang benarlah djika ada pendapat jang mengatakan bahwa djika berpolitik co, jang berarti mau mengadakan kerdja sama dengan pemerintah Belanda, berarti lemah. Peranan Fraksi Nasional didalam perdjuangan bangsa Indonesia adalah positif. Fraksi Nasional djuga merupakan golongan revolusioner; djadi bukan hanja golongan non (jang tidak mau mengadakan kerdja sama dengan pemerintah Belanda) sadja jang dapat dikatakan revolusioner. Dapat kita lihat djuga, bahwa pada sekitar tahun tiga puluhan, dimana golongan radikal mendapat tekanan hebat dari fihak pemerintah Belanda, maka golongan Fraksi Nasional muntjul sebagai kekuatan baru, meskipun mendjalankan politik co. Fraksi Nasional meneruskan perdjuangan partai2 jang_"

"Cloves have many benefits. Clove essential oil is widely used in various industries. Cloves have many of bioactivities, one of them is as an antioxidant. Non volatil compounds in clove residues are also expected to have antioxidant activity. In this research was conducted separation of non volatil compound of clove based on its polarity. The hexane extract yielded 22 fractions while the ethyl acetate extract yielded 3 fractions. Phytochemical tests show hexane extract containing steroids while ethyl acetate contains tannins, polyphenols and steroids. Crude extract, ethyl acetate extract, hexane fiber extract fractions tested its antioxidant activity. IC50 crude extract, ethyl acetate extract and hexane extracts were 24.56, 26.7 and 17.58 g mL, respectively. Fractions of ethyl acetate and hexane have less activity than their extracts.

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Cengkeh memiliki banyak manfaat. Minyak atsiri cengkeh banyak digunakan di berbagai industri. Cengkeh memiliki berbagai bioaktivitas salah satunya adalah sebagai antioksidan. Senyawa non volatil pada residu cengkeh yang tidak mudah menguap diharapkan juga memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukkan pemisahan senyawa non volatil cengkeh berdasarkan kepolarannya. Ekstrak heksana menghasilkan 22 fraksi sedangkan ekstrak etil asetat menghasilkan 3 fraksi. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak heksana mengandung steroid sedangkan etil asetat mengandung tanin, polifenol dan steroid. Ektrak kasar, ektrak etil asetat, ekstrak heksana serat fraksi-fraksinya diuji aktivitas antioksidannya. IC50 ekstrak kasar, ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak heksana bertururt-turut adalah 24.56, 26.7 dan 17.58 ? ? g/mL. Fraksi-fraksi dari etil asetat dan heksana memiliki aktivitas yang lebih kecil dibandingkan ekstraknya."

"ABSTRAKCocculus orbiculatus (L) DC. yang dikenal sebagai tanaman cincau dan termasukke dalam suku Menispermaceae. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu diketahui jenistanaman cincau lainnya memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, namun informasi danpenelitian mengenai tanaman Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. masih terbatas. Olehkarena itu dilakukan penelitian ini untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan dariekstrak dan fraksi daun Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. serta identifikasi golongansenyawa kimia dari fraksi yang aktif. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji aktivitasantioksidan adalah metode peredaman radikal DPPH. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengancara maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut dengan kepolaran meningkat,berturut-turut n-heksana, etil asetat dan metanol. Fraksinasi dilakukan terhadapekstrak dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dengan cara kromatografi kolomvakum. Fraksi teraktif diidentifikasi kandungan kimianya dengan teknik KLTkecuali saponin dan glikon. Hasil uji peredaman radikal DPPH menunjukkanekstrak teraktif yaitu ekstrak metanol yang mempunyai nilai IC50 74,32 μg/ml danfraksi teraktif yaitu fraksi G yang mempunyai nilai IC50 66,79 μg/ml. Hasilidentifikasi fraksi G menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, tanin dan senyawa gula(glikon)

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ABSTRACTCocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. is common known as cincau plant from

Menispermaceae family. The previous study showed that the other cincau plants

have antioxidant activity, however there was a few information and investigation

about Cocculus orbiculatus (L) DC. Therefore, this study presents antioxidant

activity from extract and fractions of Cocculus orbiculatus L.) DC. leaves and

identify chemical compounds from the active fraction. Antioxidant activity was

determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity. Extraction was made by

maseration using different solvents with increasing polarity, n-hexane, ethyl

acetate, and methanol. The most active extract was fractionated by vacuum colom

chromatography method. The chemical compound of the most active fraction was

identified using TLC except saponin and glycon. Antioxidant activity test shows

the most active extract is methanolic extract with IC50 74,32 μg/ml and the most

active fraction is G fraction with IC50 66,79 μg/ml respectively. Chemical

identification shows G fraction containing flavonoids, tannins and glycon."

"Infark miokard merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian. Penelitian sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa asam rosmarinat dapat mencegah terjadinya infark miokard. Sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans) memiliki kandungan asam rosmarinat dalam fraksi etil asetatnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian fraksi etil asetat sarang semut (FEASS) (Myrmecodia pendans) terhadap kejadian infark miokard. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga kelompok yang diberikan dosis FEASS yang berbeda, sedangkan tiga kelompok sebagai kontrol. Pada akhir perlakuan, diberikan isoproterenol dosis 85 mg/kg bb/hari untuk menginduksi terjadinya infark miokard. Setelah itu, dilakukan penilaian preparat histologi jantung dengan parameter: persentase kerusakan, jumlah sel yang rusak, dan jenis sel yang rusak. Selain itu, dilakukan pengukuran kadar MDA dan SOD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan besarnya persentase kerusakan dan jumlah sel yang rusak paling banyak ditemukan pada kelompok yang mendapatkan FEASS dosis 1 (59% dan Grade 3). Jenis kerusakan paling banyak adalah edema, infiltrasi, dan fibroblas. Hasil pengukuran kadar MDA menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan bermakna kadar MDA pada kelompok kontrol normal dengan kelompok kontrol herbal dan ketiga kelompok dosis FEASS (p>0.05). Kadar SOD kelompok dosis 1 dan dosis 3 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol normal (p<0,05). Namun, tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar MDA dengan SOD (p>0,05).

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Myocardial infarction is one of main causes of death. The previous study has shown that rosmarinic acid could prevent myocardial infarction. Sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendans) contains rosmarinic acid in its ethyl acetate fraction.The purpose of this study is to acknowledge the effect of the distribution of (Myrmecodia pendans) ethyl acetate fraction (FEASS) toward myocardial infarction. This study was conducted to three groups given different FEASS dose, meanwhile the other three groups served as control groups. At the end of the treatment, the groups were given isoproterenol (dose 85 mg/kg bb/day) to induct myocardial infarction. Then, the heart histology preparation valuation was conducted with the following parameter: damage percentage, damaged cell number, damaged cell type. Moreover, we conduct MDA and SOD level measurement.The result of the study showed that the greatest damage percentage and the greatest damaged cell number mostly were found on the group with FEASS dose 1 (59% and Grade 3). The damaged cell types mostly found were edema, infiltration, and fibroblast. The measurement of MDA level showed that there is no significant difference of MDA level on the normal control group compared to the herbal control group and the three groups with FEASS (p>0.05). The SOD level of groups with dose 1 and dose 3 were higher than the normal control group (p<0,05). But, there was no correlation between the MDA level and SOD level (p>0,05)."

"[ABSTRAKLesi tubular lebih sering ditemukan pada sindrom nefrotik resisten steroid (SNRS)dengan proteinuria masif, yang menyebabkan disfungsi tubulus proksimal. Cederatubular dapat pula didiagnosis dengan uji fungsi tubulus, diantaranya adalah fraksiekskresi magnesium (FE Mg) dan β2-mikroglobulin (β2M) urin. Tujuanpenelitian ini membandingkan FE Mg dan β2M urin pada SNRS dan SN sensitifsteroid (SNSS) remisi. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Departemen IlmuKesehatan Anak RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUD UlinBanjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati dan RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta pada Juli sampaiDesember 2015 pada penderita SNRS dan SNSS remisi berusia 2 ? 15 tahun. Padasubyek diperiksakan kadar β2M urin dan FE Mg. Didapatkan 62 subyek yangterdiri dari 31 subyek SNRS dan 31 subyek SNSS remisi. Rerata FE Mg padaSNRS lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p=0,0065).Median kadar β2M urin pada SNRS lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p <0,001). Peningkatan kadar β2M urin lebih banyak secara bermakna pada SNRSdibandingkan SNSS (p=0,007). Dengan titik potong 1,64%, peningkatan FE Mgpada SNRS lebih banyak dibandingkan SNSS remisi (p=0,022). Simpulan: Fraksiekskresi Mg dan β2M urin pada SNRS lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNSS remisi.Terdapat perbedaan proporsi peningkatan FE Mg antara SNRS dan SNSS remisi.Proporsi peningkatan β2M urin pada SNRS lebih besar dibandingkan SNSSremisi.

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ABSTRACTTubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission.;Tubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission., Tubular lesions more often found in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS)with massive proteinuria, leading to proximal tubular dysfunction. Tubular injurycan also be diagnosed by tubular function test, such as fractional excretion ofmagnesium (Mg FE) and urinary β2-microglobulin (β2M). The aim of this studyis to compare the FE Mg and urinary β2M on SRNS and steroid-sensitivenephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in remission. A cross-sectional study was conductedin the Department of Pediatrics RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta, RSUDUlin Banjarmasin, RSUP Fatmawati and RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta from July toDecember 2015. Children aged 2-15 years who either had SRNS or SSNS inremission were recruited. Fractional excretion of magnesium and urinary β2Mlevels were examined. There were 62 subjects consisted of 31 subjects SRNS and31 subjects SSNS in remission. The mean FE Mg on SRNS was significantlyhigher than SSNS in remission (p=0.0065). Median levels of urinary β2M onSRNS was higher than SNSS remission (p<0.001). Increased levels of urinaryβ2M was more significantly in SRNS compared to SSNS (p=0.007). With a cutoffpoint of 1.64%, an increased of FE Mg proportion on SRNS was more thanSSNS in remission (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Fractional excretion of Mg andurinary β2M on SRNS were higher than SSNS in remission. There is a differencebetween the increased of FE Mg on SRNS and SSNS in remission. The increasedof urinary β2M on SRNS was higher than SSNS in remission.]"

"Bahan superkonduktor BPSCCO-2212 dengan kadar CaCO3 1,0 dan 1,10 fraksi mol telah disintesis dengan metode reaksi padatan (solid state reaction method). Sintesis dilakukan selama 10 jam pada suhu kalsinasi (Tk) 800oC dan sintering selama 20 jam dengan suhu (Ts) 830oC. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi doping Pb dan Ca terhadap tingkat kemurnian fase superkonduktor Bi-2212 yang terbentuk (fraksi volume (Fv), derajat orientasi (P), dan impuritas (I)). Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) dan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Hasil analisis profil XRD oleh sofware Celref menunjukkan variasi doping Pb cenderung meningkatkan fraksi volume (Fv) BSCCO-2212. Fraksi volume (Fv) pada kadar Ca = 1,0 dan Pb = 0 diperoleh 72,60%, Pb = 0,2, diperoleh 74,10%, Pb = 0,4 diperoleh 60,48 %, dan Pb = 0,6 diperoleh 61,90 %. Sedangkan derajat orientasi (P) tertinggi diperoleh dengan doping Pb = 0,6 sebesar 30,62%. Untuk Fraksi volume (Fv) pada kadar Ca = 1,10 dan doping Pb = 0, diperoleh 65,17 %, Pb = 0,2, diperoleh 78,81%, Pb = 0,4 diperoleh 63,29%, dan Pb = 0,6, diperoleh 87,31%. Fraksi volume relatif baik pada sampel kadar Ca = 1,10 dengan doping Pb = 0,6, yaitu 87,31%. Sedangkan derajat orientasi (P) relatif baik pada sampel Ca = 1,10 tanpa doping Pb yaitu 32,76 %.

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Synthesis of BPSCCO-2212 superconducting materials with CaCO3 1,0 and 1,10 mole fraction has been done using solid reaction method. Synthesis conducted with calcination for 10 hours at temperature of 800oC and sintering for 20 hours with sintering temperature 830 0C. Variation Pb dopant was performed to determine the effect on the level of purity of the Bi-2212 superconducting phase is formed (volume fraction (Fv), the degree of orientation (P), and impurity (I)). The samples were characterized using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy).

XRD analysis results showed variation tended to increase the value of the volume fraction (Fv). Value of the volume fraction (Fv) with Ca 1,0 and Pb = 0, obtained 72,60%, Pb = 0,2 obtained 74,10%, Pb = 0,4 obtained 60,48%, and Pb = 0,6, obtained 61.90%. While the value of highest degree of orientation (P) with Pb = 0,6 obtained 30,62%. Volume fraction (Fv) with Ca = 1,10, and dopant Pb = 0, obtained 56,17%, Pb = 0,2, obtained 78,81%, Pb = 0,4 obtained 63,29%, and Pb = 0,6, obtained 87,31%. Volume Fraction relatively well contained in Ca = 1,10 witg Pb dopant 0,6 is 87,31%. While the degree of orientation (P) is relatively well contained in the sample with Ca = 1,10 without Pb dopant is 32,76%."

"Kayu bangkal (Nauclea subdita) (Korth.) Steud. secara tradisional digunakan sebagai masker wajah, yang dapat melindungi kulit dari pengaruh buruk sinar matahari. Penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa, ekstrak kayu bangkal memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), aktivitas anti-elastase, total polifenol dan flavonoid, ekstrak dan fraksi teraktif kayu bangkal, standardisasi, kandungan, kadar fraksi teraktif kayu bangkal. Rendemen metode ekstraksi UAE (Ultrasound Assisted Extraction) kayu bangkal menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi, dengan nilai 7,12% lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode MAE(Microwave Assisted Extraction) dan Soxhlet. Ekstrak teraktif (UAE) memiliki kandungan fenol sebesar 101.40±2.44 mg EAG/g ekstrak, dan flavonoid sebesar 12.86±0.08 mg EK/g ekstrak. Ekstrak teraktif (metode UAE) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat (DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS) sebesar 19,75±0,06 μg/mL; 44.11±1.37 μg/mL; dan 15,14±0,03 μg/mL. Fraksi teraktif (fraksi air) kayu bangkal memiliki aktivitas antioksidan (DPPH, FRAP dan ABTS) yang sangat kuat sebesar 15,24±0,02 μg/mL; 58.53±0.23 μg/mL; 22.34±0.02 μg/mL. Ekstrak teraktif kayu bangkal memiliki aktivitas penghambatan elastase sebesar 361,22±16,20 μg/mL. Fraksi teraktif memiliki aktivitas penghambatan elastase sebesar 706,611±22.25 μg/mL. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi teraktif kayu bangkal memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat, berpotensi sebagai anti-elastase. Fraksi teraktif kayu bangkal telah distandarisasi berdasarkan parameter spesifik dan non spesifik serta memiliki kandungan kuersetin dengan kadar 0,215±0,118 μg/mL.

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Bangkal wood (Nauclea subdita) (Korth.) Steud. is traditionally used as a face mask, which can protect the skin from the adverse effects of sunlight. Previous research stated that bangkal wood extract had potent antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), anti-elastase activity, total polyphenols and flavonoids content, of the most active extract and fraction of bangkal wood, standardization, content, levels of the most active fraction of bangkal wood. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method of bangkal wood produced the highest yield, with a value of 7.12% higher than the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet methods. The most active extract (UAE) had a phenol content of 101.40±2.44 mg EAG/g extract, and flavonoids of 12.86±0.08 mg EK/g extract. The most active extract (UAE method) had potent antioxidant activities of 19.75±0.06 μg/mL; 44.11±1.37 μg/mL; and 15.14±0.03 μg/mL. The most active fraction (water fraction) of bangkal wood had potent antioxidant activity of 15.24±0.02 μg/mL; 58.53±0.23 μg/mL; 22.34±0.02 μg/mL. The most active extract of bangkal wood had elastase inhibitory activity of 361.22±16.20 μg/mL. The most active fraction had an elastase inhibitory activity of 706.611±22.25 μg/mL.The results of this study indicated that the extract and the most active fraction of bangkal wood had potent antioxidant activity, and potential as anti-elastase. The most active fraction of bangkal wood had been standardized based on specific and non-specific parameters and had quercetin content with a level of 0.215±0.118 μg/mL."