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"This book introduces the numerical technique of polynomial continuation, which is used to compute solutions to systems of polynomial equations. Originally published in 1987, it remains a useful starting point for the reader interested in learning how to solve practical problems without advanced mathematics. Solving Polynomial Systems Using Continuation for Engineering and Scientific Problems is easy to understand, requiring only a knowledge of undergraduate-level calculus and simple computer programming. The book is also practical; it includes descriptions of various industrial-strength engineering applications and offers Fortran code for polynomial solvers on an associated Web page. It provides a resource for high-school and undergraduate mathematics projects."

"Study of oxidation catechol by potato polyphenoloxidase (PFO) inhibited by kluwek fractions and bht: The enzymatic browning reaction of fruits and vegetables are catalysed by polyphenoloxidase(PFO) .Study was carried out to observe the PFO optimal activity condition and the inhibition effect of kluwek fraction (Pangium edule reinw fractions) and bht. The optimum inhibition was observed in addition of 0.05 % fraction A (neutral),0.05% fraction B(weak acid) and 0.10% fraction C(strong acid) that decreased the formation of quinon by 66.29 %.49.59% and 55.62% respectively. The inhibition activity is bht>A>c>b and it's totally different with the inhibition not only determined by the kind of inhibitor but meanly the kind of enzymaticc reaction(enzyme and substrate) "

"ABSTRAKTanaman puding (Polyscias guilfoylei) merupakan tanaman perdu yang termasuk suku Araliaceae, yang digolongkan sebagai salah satu suku yang kaya akan saponin. Tanaman ini secara tradisional digunakan untuk mengobati flu dan borok di kepala.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menentukan struktur senyawa kimia serta uji pendahuluan aktivitas antimikroba dalam fraksi metanol yang berasal dari daun puding.Isolasi senyawa dilakukan dengan menggunakan tehnik kromatografi (kromatografl kolom dan HPLC) dan penentuan struktur molekulnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan data spektroskopi (JR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Pada uji antimikroba digunakan metode difusi cakram dengan mengamati zona hambatan yang terbentuk.Tiga senyawa kimia yang berhasil diisolasi diduga adalah asam 3-0-[ß-D-glukopi-ranosil(1-->2)ß-D-gtukuronopiranosil] oleanolat (A), asam 3-0-[J3-1)-glukopiranosil (1>2)[ß-D-glukuronopiranosil] 7-okso-oleanolat {B) dan asam 3-0-[ß-D-giukopiranosil(1-->4)ß-D-glukopiranosil(1-->2)ß-D-glukuronopiranosil] oleanolat (C). Hasil uji antirnikroba menunjukkan bahwa ketiga senyawa yang dihasilkan mempunyai daya hambat terhadap jamur Microsparum canis, tetapi tidak terhadap bakteri Stapylacaccus aureus dan Pseudomanas aeruginosa.

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ABSTRACT

Polyscias guilfoylei is one of shrubs belongs to Araliaceae containing a rich of saponin substances. This plant is traditionally used for cold medicine and head ulcer.

This study was intended to isolate and determine the chemical structures and a preliminary investigation of antimicroba activity in methanol fractions from the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei (called Puling in bahasa Indonesia).

Isolation of pure compounds have been carried out, using combine technique of chromatography (column chromatography and IIPLC) and structure of isolated compounds were established by spectroscophic data (IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Antimicrobial assay used the diffusion method by observing the inhibitation zone that was created.

Three isolated constituents were probably3-0-[ß-D -glucopyranosyl (1-->2)ß-D -glucoronopyranosyl] oleanolic acid (A), 3-0-[ß-D -glucopyranosyl (1>2)[ß-D- glucoronopyranosyl] 7-oxo-oleanolic acid (B) and 3-0-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->4)ß-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->2)ß-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid (C). Antimicrobial assay showed that three isolated compounds showed significant activities tocrosporum cams but these compounds were not. active to Stapylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan distilasi uap tanaman nilam menggunakan variasi plate kolom fraksionasi. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum dari tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alkohol merupakan komponen utama dari minyak nilam dengan persentase 35-40%. Minyak nilam dapat diperoleh melalui proses distilasi uap tanaman nilam. Distilasi uap biasa digunakan untuk memisahkan substansi-substansi yang tidak saling campur dengan menurunkan titik didih komponen campuran yang titik didihnya tinggi dengan adanya uap air tersebut.Dalam penelitian ini digunakan kolom fraksionasi dengan variasi plate, yaitu menggunakan kelereng dengan ukuran dan tinggi yang berbeda di dalam kolom. Dengan adanya variasi tersebut diharapkan terjadi pemisahan komponen-komponen minyak yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan variasi waktu distilasi guna mengetahui dan mendapatkan kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum. Kemudian, dilakukan identifikasi karakteristik minyak nilam menggunakan GC-MS dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis sifat fisika dan kimianya.Kadar patchouli alkohol paling optimum didapatkan dari variasi plate dengan menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¾ kolom yaitu sebesar 41,785 % dan rendemen minyak nilam terbanyak didapatkan dari variasi plate menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¼ kolom yaitu 0,914 % selama waktu distilasi 7 jam.

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In this research, steam distillation of patchouli was carried out using a fractionation column with plate variation. The main objective of this study was to obtain an optimal levels of patchouli alcohol from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alcohol is the major component of patchouli oil with a percentage of 35-40 %. Patchouli oil can be obtained through the steam distillation process of patchouli. Steam distillation is commonly used to reduce the boiling point of a mixture of components with high boiling point.

In this study, a fractionation column with a variety of plates was used, by filling the column with marbles of different sizes and heights. With these variations, a better separation of essential oil components should be happened. This study also uses time variations to obtain optimal patchouli alcohol levels.

The analysis of patchouli oil was carried out using GC-MS and continued with the analysis of the physical and chemical properties. An optimal content of patchouli alcohol of 41,785% was obtained when big marbles were filled in the ¾ height of the fractional column for 7 hours distillation process. Meanwhile, the optimal yield of patchouli oil of 0,941% was obtained using big marbles of ¼ column height."

"Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan metode distilasi uap dengan penambahan kolom fraksionasi. Komponen utama yang dipisahkan dalam minyak sereh wangi yaitu sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol dan pada minyak nilam yaitu patchouli alkohol. Dalam kolom fraksionasi, terjadi kontak antara cairan dan uap yang lebih lama dibandingkan tanpa menggunakan kolom fraksionasi, sehingga komponen ringan dengan titik didih yang lebih rendah akan lebih mudah diuapkan dan kemudian didinginkan pada kondensor.Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari metode distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi terhadap kualitas dari produk minyak atsiri. Variasi pada tinggi kolom fraksinasi telah dilakukan dalam metode distilasi uap, untuk menemukan waktu dan suhu optimal pada proses distilasi. Penentuan parameter kualitas minyak atsiri yaitu warna minyak, berat jenis, indeks bias, dan kadar relatif sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol, dan patchouli alkohol yang diukur dengan instrumen GC-MS.Berdasarkan penelitian ini, hasil rendemen minyak sereh wangi yang diperoleh sekitar 0,9710 - 0,973 ; indeks bias sebesar 1.460 - 1.472 dan kandungan sitronelol adalah 1,09 - 18,55, sitronelol 5,09 ndash;12,49 , dan geraniol 28,49 - 36,66 . Kondisi optimum proses distilasi uap pada minyak sereh wangi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi adalah 24 cm yang menghasilkan rendemen minyak sereh wangi sebesar 0,9713, kandungan sitronelal sebesar 18,55 . Sementara itu, rendemen hasil distilasi uap minyak nilam adalah 0,6858 - 0,9982 ; indeks bias sebesar 1,498 - 1,504; dan kandunga patchouli alkohol sebesar 20,05 - 22,60. Kondisi optimum minyak nilam pada proses distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi 32 cm yang menghasilkan kandungan patchouli alkohol sebesar 22,60.

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In this research, steam distillation method were used with a fractionated column. The separated products of the main components in citronella oil were citronella, citronellol, geraniol and in patchouli oil was patchouli alcohol. In the fractionated column, the contact between liquid and gas is longer compared to without the fractionation column, so the small components with a lower boiling point will be further vaporized and then cooled on the condenser.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of steam distillation methods on the quality of the essential oils products. The variation of fractionated columns height had been conducted in the steam distillation, as well as to find the optimum time and temperature for the distillation process. The determination of the quality parameters in these essential oils included oils color, density, refracting index, and the relative amounts of citronella, citronellol, geraniol, and patchouli alcohol which were measured with gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument.

The results showed that the citronella oil yield was around 0.971 ndash 0.973 refracting index 1.460 ndash 1.472 and the content of citronella was 1.09 18.55, citronellol 5.09 ndash 12.49, and geraniol 28.49 ndash 36.66. The optimum height of fractionated column was 24 cm which produced 0.9713 oils the content of citronella was 18,55. Meanwhile, patchouli oil yield was 0.6858-0.9982 refracting index 1.498 ndash 1.504 and the content of patchouli alcohol was 20.05 ndash 22.60. The optimum height of fractionated column was 32 cm which produced 22.60 patchouli alcohol."