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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti hubungan antara subsidi pada bahan bakar fosil dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis dengan data panel. Akan tetapi, terdapat kesulitan dalan mengumpulkan data tentang subisidi, oleh karena itu penentuan sampel dilaksanakan berdasarkan ketersediaan data. Sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 37 negara, termasuk Indonesia. Selain memasukkan variabel utama (subsidi bahan bakar fosil), penelitian ini juga memasukan beberapa variabel lain yang turut mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi, yaitu opennes (keterbukaan), gross capital formation dan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat pada tingkat pendidikan menengah. Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menginvestigasi dampak subsidi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Akan tetapi, dengan menggunakan data yang lebih aktual dan metode yang lebih baik, penelitian ini lebih difokuskan kepada dampak subsidi bahan bakar fosil terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi (baik dalam total subsidi maupun dalam subsidi terhadap setiap jenis bahan bakar fossil). Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa subsidi pada bahan bakar fosil secara total, subsidi terhadap batubara, listrik dan gas alam memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Akan tetapi penelitian ini gagal menunjukkan bahwa subsidi terhadap bahan bakar minyak memiliki dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sementara itu, hasil regresi terhadap variabel pendukung lainnya menunjukkan bawa opennes (keterbukaan), capital formation (pembentukan modal) dan partisipasi masyarakat terhadap pendidikan menengah berhubungan positive dan signifikan terhadap growth.

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The main objective of this research is to examine the relationship between fossil fuel subsidies and growth. In order to achieve this objective, the research employs panel data analysis. However, due to the difficulties in obtaining the data about subsidies, the sample and the time frame have been selected based on the availability of the fossil fuel subsidies data. The sample consists of 37 countries, including Indonesia. Instead of the key variable (fossil fuel subsidies), the study also employs others determinants of growth as independent variables, namely openness (OPEN), gross capital formation (CF) and secondary school enrolment.

Many studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of subsidies on growth. However, by employing more recent data and better methods, this research focuses on the impact of fossil fuel (both in total and for each type of the fossil fuel energy) subsidies toward growth.

The result of the regression confirmed that fossil fuel subsidies, coal subsidies, electricity and natural gas subsidies have negative and significant impact toward growth. However, the research found that oil subsidies are negative but not significant toward growth. The result on other explanatory variables shows that openness (OPEN) capital formation (CF) and gross secondary school enrolment (secgrt10) are positive and significant toward growth."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan bahan bakar fosil selama ini menghadirkan dua permasalahan utama, yaitu kerusakan lingkungan akibat emisi gas rumah kaca, serta persoalan ketersediaan energi. Untuk mengatasinya, penganekaragaman sumber energi menjadi agenda yang penting. Walaupun saat ini telah banyak terobosan IPTEK serta semakin menguatnya desakan untuk beralih kepada teknologi energi terbarukan, porsi bahan bakar fosil di dalam sistem energi Indonesia masih sangat tinggi. Diduga, salah satu sebabnya adalah path dependence atau alur ketergantungan yang ldquo;mengunci rdquo; teknologi dan institusi yang ada untuk terus-menerus menggunakan sumber energi fosil yang kemudian menghambat perkembangan pemanfaatan sumber energi lainnya, termasuk energi terbarukan. Hasil pengujian empiris ternyata mendukung dugaan tersebut: persistensi pemanfaatan bahan bakar fosil di dalam bauran energi Indonesia sangat tinggi. Keberadaan path dependence menyulitkan Indonesia keluar dari ketergan-tungannya terhadap sumber energi fosil.

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ABSTRACTCurrent fossil fuels use has created two major issues environmental damage from greenhouse gas emission and energy security. Solving these problems must involve diversification of energy sources. Development in science and technology, along with increasing demand for shifting to cleaner and renewable energy sources in the recent decades have not changed the proportion of fossil fuel in Indonesia energy mix. One explanation to this phenomenon is the existence of path dependence that locks Indonesia rsquo s technological systems and institutions into cycles of fossil fuels consumption, therefore limiting the development of alternative technologies. Empirical evidence suggests that this is the case persistence of fossil fuels in Indonesia is very high. The existence of path dependence creates barriers, making it difficult for Indonesia to get out from its dependency on oil, coal, and natural gas."

"Peningkatan konsentrasi karbon dioksida dapat menyebabkan berbagai masalah di bumi. Biogas menjadi salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang dapat menggantikan bahan bakar fosil. Biogas sebagian besar terdiri atas gas metana (CH4) dan gas karbon dioksida (CO2). Keberadaan gas karbon dioksida ini dapat menyebabkan korosi, pengendapan, dan kerusakan pada mesin. Salah satu metode untuk memisahkan karbon dioksida adalah adsorpsi menggunakan material metal-organic framework (MOF). Penambahan gugus polar seperti amina ke dalam secondary building unit (SBU) menghasilkan peningkatan kapasitas adsorpsi suatu gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dari Ni-MOF-NH2 termodifikasi etilendiamin dan sifat adsorpsinya. Modifikasi etilendiamin ke dalam Ni-MOF-NH2 berhasil dilakukan dengan metode post-synthesis yang dapat dibuktikan dengan hasil karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, dan SAA. Hasil uji adsorpsi gas menunjukkan Ni-MOF-NH2 termodifikasi etilendiamin memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Ni-MOF-NH2 masing-masing sebesar 21,975 mmol/g dan 9,05 mmol/g. Variasi suhu yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu menyebabkan semakin besar kapasitas adsorpsinya. Selektivitas dari terhadap gas CO2 dari adsorben Ni-MOF-NH2 termodifikasi etilendiamin lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Ni-MOF-NH2

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An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide can cause various problems on earth. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuels. Biogas mostly consists of methane gas (CH4) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The presence of carbon dioxide gas can cause corrosion, deposition, and damage to the engine. One method for separating carbon dioxide is adsorption using a metal-organic framework (MOF) material. The addition of polar groups such as amines into the secondary building unit (SBU) resulted in an increase in the adsorption capacity of a gas. The aim of this research to identify the characteristics of ethylenediamine-modified Ni-MOF-NH2 and its adsorption properties. The modification of ethylenediamine into Ni-MOF-NH2 was successfully carried out as evidenced by the results of FTIR, XRD, and SAA characterization. The gas adsorption test results showed that ethylenediamine-modified Ni-MOF-NH2 had a higher adsorption capacity than Ni-MOF-NH2 of 21.975 mmol/g and 9.05 mmol/g, respectively. The temperature variations carried out indicate that the higher the temperature, the greater the adsorption capacity. The selectivity of ethylenediamine-modified Ni-MOF-NH2 for CO2 gas is greater than that of Ni-MOF-NH2"

"The improvement in society's income will affect their life style and increase their demand for energy. Fossil fuel, being the main source of energy, emits some gases to the ambience, one of them is sulfur oxide gas. The aim of this research is to estimate the value of health degradation caused by sulfur oxide (Sox) gas in Jakarta Province. The prediction of the cost that has to be paid by the persons who are exposured by SOx gas and will get LRI (lower respiratory illnesses). CDA (chest disccomfort among adults), or premature mortality is done by developing the dynamic simulationmodel. The result of this research is by 2025 the Jakarta the Jakarta the Jakarta residents who will have health degradation caused by the SOx should pay around 985 trillion (10 12) rupiah. To reduce this pollutant, it is recommended to develop public policies based on the economic and environmental concern."