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"Local Birocracy Performance on The Controlling and to Meassures Forest and Land Fires (Case Study : at Pontianak and Sambas Districts West Kalimantan Province)

Forestry sectors has been playing important role on economics at West Kalimantan is 23,68% (BPS,2000). Forest in this province is categorized as protection forests, wildlife sanctuary, national park, limited production forest, production forest and converted areas, totally number 9,030 acre. Those natural resources is needs to be maintain and to preserve.

Forest and land fires is one of the cause of deforestation, often resulting in loss on several dimensions:such as economics, environmental, ecological, and social. According to Directorate Protection of Forestry Department (1998) in 1997 26.590,36 acres forest and land were on fires.This number included production forest 23.811 acres, ,wildlife sanctuary 1,378 acres. At national level West Kalimantan was on the third rank largest areas loss due to fire.

Local birocracy issued a policy in controlling and to measure forest and land fires. The policy carried out through institutions that were inter-related local birocracy. Institutions whose have responsibilities and duties in solving and handling the fires problems. Nonetheles, those institutions have not perform optimal yet in controlling and to measures, as much as expected. Therefore we need to study the main cause of non optimal performance institutions on local birocracy in controlling and to measure forest and land fires.This problem emerges research quoctions:

In which inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

How does local birocracy perform in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

What are the component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan?

The aim of this research are:

Inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

Local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

The component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan.

This study refered to organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes, and facilities as supporting element on local birocracy performance.

Input elements are organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes and facilities. Those inputs later on became variables, which indicate local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires.

This research used survey method by using secondary data. Generally,this research used analytical descriptive methods and using ex post facto. In order to analyze raw data, this research used scaling techniques. Refers to goal achivement on each variables, the point of view of analysis is to know about performance of local birocracy at two districts; Pontianak and Sambas.

The conclusions could be drawn from this research are:

Inter-related local birocracy to performed a role in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan, are: Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan and Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan and Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan.

Local birocracy performance at Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan and Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan in Pontianak districts categorized less succes; whereas at Sambas districts, performance at Kantor Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan categorized not success and at Dinas Pertanian and Kehutanan less success in in controlling and to measures forest and land fires

3_ Component to support local birocracy performance in controlling and to measure forest and land fires at both districts Pontianak and Sambas West Kalimantan, are: organizational structure, human resources, budgets, programmes and facilities.

There are no decreasing number in forest and land fires and hotspots on 2002 mean vulnerability for forest and land fires in West Kalimantan province still high."

"Kabut asap telah menjadi momok yang sangat merugikan banyak pihak. Kerugian materiil maupun immateriil yang diderita begitu masif dan timbul dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Menariknya belum pernah ada gugatan terhadap kerugian akibat kabut asap di pengadilan Indonesia. Alasannya sederhana, karena kausalitas kabut asap dengan kerugian yang dialami korban sulit dibuktikan apabila merujuk pada ketentuan hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia saat ini, termasuk dengan teori kausalitas yang dianut. Skripsi ini hendak menjawab pertanyaan sederhana, dengan perkembangan teori kausalitas dalam ilmu hukum apakah kerugian akibat kabut asap dapat dibuktikan di pengadilan? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perbandingan. Penelitian ini menuai hasil yang cukup positif di mana terdapat doktrin market share liability yang dapat mengakomodir pembuktian kausalitas kabut asap, baik dari segi hukum materiil maupun segi hukum formil di Indonesia. Namun pada akhirnya tetap diperlukan keterbukaan dari hakim untuk membangun logika hukum berdasarkan nilai-nilai kebenaran dan keadilan, yang dalam pandangan penulis dapat diakomodir melalui penerapan doktrin market share liability untuk membuktikan kausalitas terhadap kerugian akibat kabut asap.

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Haze has become very detrimental scourge to many parties. Both material dan immaterial losses suffered are massive and arise in a long period of time. Interestingly, there has never been a lawsuit against haze in Indonesian courts. The reason is simply because proof of causation based on losses suffered by the victim from haze is very difficult to prove if one refer to laws recognized in Indonesia, including the embraced theory of causation. This undergraduate thesis wants to answer a simple question, with the development of theory of causation in jurisprudence, is it possible to prove causation based on losses from haze in courts The research method used in this thesis is a normative juridical research with conceptual approach and comparative approach. This research reaping positive results in which theory of market share liability could accommodate the proof of causation of haze, both in terms of material law and procedural law aspects recognized in Indonesia. In the end it still takes the open minded judge to build legal logic based on the value of justice and fairness, which in my point of view could be accomodated by applying market share liability doctrine as a proof of causation of loss from haze."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi terus berulangnya kejadian kebakaran hutan di Indonesia yang hampir terjadi setiap tahun. Padahal sumberdaya hutan memiliki keterkaitaan yang erat dengan kinerja, perekonomian, kualitas ekologi, dan ketergantungan sosial. Untuk itu perlu diketahui dampak sesungguhnya kebakaran hutan agar perencanaan dan pengambilan kebijakan didalam pengendalian kebakaran hutan yang terarah, fokus dan tepat pada permasalahan.Dengan pendekatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) atau Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), keterkaitan antar sektor ekonomi dapat dijelaskan dampak melalui aliran uang yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu, dampak kebakaran hutan terhadap distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga, perusahaan, dan pemerintah yang menjadi tujuan penelitian ini dapat diketahui.Berdasarkan hasil analisis pengganda neraca, diketahui bahwa untuk setiap hektar kebakaran hutan akan menurunkan output produksi Rp. 128.61 juta dan menurunkan pendapatan faktor produksi (factorial income) sebesar Rp. 62.94 juta per hektar kebakaran. Penurunan output dan pendapatan faktor produksi akibat kebakaran hutan ternyata berdampak menurunkan pendapatan institusi rumah tangga (households income) sebesar Rp. 45.48 juta, perusahaan (private income) sebesar Rp. 20.42 juta, dan pemerintah (government income) sebesar Rp. 11.54 juta untuk setiap hektar kejadian. Dengan demikian, rumah tangga adalah komponen institusi yang paling merasakan dampak kebakaran hutan yang tercermin dari besarnya penurunan pendapatan. Secara keseluruhan, kerugian ekonomi yang diakibatkan oleh kebakaran hutan terhadap penurunan pendapatan faktor produksi, institusi, dan sektor produksi (output) adalah sebesar Rp. 269.00 juta tiap hektar kejadian kebakaran.Rata-rata penurunan pendapatan yang diderita oleh setiap orang akibat kebakaran hutan pada tahun 2000 adalah Rp. 3,868 per kapita.. Pada tahun 2001 penurunan pendapatan yang diderita menjadi Rp. 18,105 per kapita. Sedangkan di tahun 2002, pengurangan pendapatan sebesar Rp. 44,186 per kapita. Dengan demikian terjadi peningkatan kerugian pendapatan per kapita selama periode tahun 2000-2002 akibat kebakaran hutan.Dari hasil analisis jalur struktural, teridentifikasi bahwa jalur-jalur utama yang dilalui dampak kebakaran hutan adalah sektor perkebunan dan sektor-sektor yang berbasiskan pertanian dan pedesaan.Mengingat besarnya kerugian ekonomi yang diderita sebagai dampak dari kebakaran hutan, maka jumlah dan penyediaan anggaran yang terkait dengan upaya pencegahan dan pemadaman kebakaran hutan haruslah jelas dan memiliki dasar. Hasil penelitian ini yang menunjukkan total kerugian kebakaran hutan sebesar Rp. 269.00 juta tiap hektarnya, dapat dijadikan landasan untuk pengalokasian anggaran baik oleh pemerintah maupun swasta pemegang hak konsesi. Disamping itu, nilai kerugian ini, dapat pula dijadikan acuan didalam penentuan ganti rugi terhadap pelaku pembakaran hutan."

"Kebakaran hutan dan lahan, baik disengaja maupun tidak, sering terjadi di Provinsi Riau, Indonesia, terutama saat musim kemarau. Riau memiliki lahan gambut seluas sekitar 4.811.865 ha. Pada akhir 2023, terdapat 163 hotspot kebakaran di Riau, dengan Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu memiliki hotspot terbanyak, yakni 69 titik, terutama di Kecamatan Rengat Barat, Rengat, dan Kuala Cenaku. Selain kondisi fisik lahan gambut, aktivitas manusia seperti kepadatan permukiman dan kerapatan parit juga berperan sebagai penyebab utama kebakaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) dan overlay serta super-imposed untuk mengolah distribusi hotspot, dengan tujuan mengetahui hubungan distribusi spasial potensi bahaya kebakaran hutan dan lahan dengan faktor kedalaman lahan gambut, kepadatan permukiman, dan kerapatan parit berdasarkan wilayah administrasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi potensi bahaya kebakaran cenderung mengelompok di area tertentu, seperti Kelurahan Sekip Hilir (Kecamatan Rengat), Kelurahan Sungai Dawu (Kecamatan Rengat Barat), dan Kelurahan Rawa Asri (Kecamatan Kuala Cenaku). Distribusi spasial potensi bahaya kebakaran memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kedalaman lahan gambut dan kerapatan parit. Kepadatan permukiman yang dekat dengan jaringan jalan cenderung berpotensi rendah terhadap kebakaran, sementara kerapatan parit yang lebih dekat justru berpotensi lebih tinggi karena parit berfungsi sebagai drainase air gambut yang tidak terkendali.

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Forest and land fires in Indonesia's Riau Province are common, particularly during the dry season. Riau's peatlands span about 4,811,865 hectares. By the end of 2023, the province had 163 hotspots, with Indragiri Hulu Regency having the highest number at 69. The numerous hotspots and extensive peatlands in Indragiri Hulu, especially in West Rengat, Rengat, and Kuala Cenaku sub-districts, make these areas particularly vulnerable to fires. Human activities, such as settlement density and drainage density, also contribute significantly to fire occurrences. This study uses Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and overlay methods to analyze the spatial distribution of fire hazards, focusing on peatland depth, settlement density, and drainage density across administrative areas. The results indicate that fire hazards tend to cluster in specific areas: Sekip Hilir Village (Rengat Sub-district), Sungai Dawu Village (West Rengat Sub-district), and Rawa Asri Village (Kuala Cenaku Sub-district). The spatial distribution of fire hazards is significantly related to peatland depth and drainage density. Areas with high settlement density and close proximity to road networks tend to have lower fire potential. Conversely, areas with higher drainage density have increased fire potential due to uncontrolled peat water drainage systems."

"Kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) di Riau mulai marak seiring dengan meningkatnya laju penebangan hutan, pembersihan lahan dan iklim kering. Karhutla menyebabkan pencemaran udara bahkan hingga ke Singapura sehingga mempengaruhi ketegangan politik diantara kedua negara. Karhutla kerap terjadi tiap tahunnya, padahal sudah banyak regulasi dan institusi yang menangani pencegahan karhutla serta pengendalian bencana asap. Ketika proses pembakaran biomassa terjadi, pencemar aerosol terlepas ke udara. Tingginya konsentrasi aerosol menurunkan kualitas udara setempat dan mengurangi jarak pandang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kaitan karhutla di Provinsi Riau pada Juni 2013 dengan pencemaran udara di Riau dan Singapura, karakteristik aerosol di Singapura pada saat periode karhutla di Riau dan menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pencegahan dan pengendalian bencana asap akibat karhutla. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan data sekunder dan primer yang berasal dari wawancara. Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa kebakaran di Riau pada Juni 2013 mengakibatkan kenaikan ISPU hingga 1084 (berbahaya) di Riau, kenaikan konsentrasi PM 2,5, dan menurunkan visibilitas di Singapura. Hasil karakterisasi melalui parameter aerosol optical depth (AOD), parameter Ångstrom, dan distribusi ukuran partikel menunjukkan keberadaan aerosol berukuran kecil dengan jumlah lebih banyak di Singapura yang merupakan ciri aerosol dari karhutla. Lemahnya kepemimpinan dan penegakan hukum, kurangnya koordinasi antar institusi di tingkat pemerinrah daerah, dan belum optimalnya pemanfaatan informasi peringatan dini adalah sejumlah faktor penghambat implementasi kebijakan pengendalian bencana asap akibat karhutla.

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Forest and land fire in Riau increase along with the rapid deforestation, land clearing, and fueled by dry climate. Forest and land fire causes trans-boundary air pollution up to Singapore and creates tensions among neighboring countries. Fires in Riau routinely occur every year, although there are a lot of regulations and institutions dealing with fire prevention and smoke haze management. When biomass burns, certain aerosol pollutant is emitted to the atmosphere. High concentration of aerosol could degrade the local air quality and reduce visibility.

This study aimed to analyze the relation of forest and land fire in Riau in June 2013 with the air pollution in Riau and Singapore, the characteristics of aerosol in Singapore during the fire period in Riau and the implementation of fire prevention and smoke haze management policies.Research method that being used are a mixture of quantitative and qualitative with secondary and primary data from interview.

The research found that Riau fires in June 2013 resulted the increase of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) until 1084 (hazardous) in Riau, increase the concentration of PM 2,5, and reduce visibility in Singapore. Aerosol characterization through aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångstrom parameter and particle size distribution indicates the existence of a small-sized aerosol in a great number in Singapore which is characteristic of aerosol from forest and land fire. Weak leadership and law enforcement, lack of coordination among institutions in local level as well as low utilization of early warning information are a number of factors inhibiting the implementation of smoke haze management policies."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang penerapan asas tanggung jawab negara dalam kasus kerusakan lintas batas dan / atau pencemaran. Penelitian dalam tesis ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dan deskriptif. Pembahasan dalam penelitian ini membahas tentang pengenaan tanggung jawab Nikaragua atas perusakan lingkungan di wilayah teritorial Negara Kosta Rika. Kajian ini juga membahas potensi pemberlakuan asas tanggung jawab negara terhadap bencana kabut asap lintas batas akibat kebakaran hutan dan / atau lahan. Penugasan pertanggungjawaban kepada negara dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengacu pada Pasal Tanggung Jawab Negara atas Perbuatan Salah Secara Internasional. Juga akan dibahas tentang pengakuan asas tanggung jawab negara dalam konteks kerusakan lintas batas dan / atau pencemaran dalam kerangka hukum internasional dan kerangka hukum nasional serta beberapa kasus kerusakan dan / atau pencemaran lintas batas, seperti kasus trail smelter, kasus Danau Lanoux, kasus Selat Corfu, dan kasus uji senjata nuklir. Penulis menemukan bahwa akuntabilitas negara lahir dari pengakuan kedaulatan negara yang melarang negara menimbulkan kerusakan dan / atau pencemaran yang melintasi batas wilayah negara. Larangan menimbulkan kerusakan dan / atau pencemaran telah menjadi norma hukum lingkungan internasional setelah dituangkan dalam prinsip 21 Stockholm Declaration dan penggunaan norma ini sebagai dasar penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan lintas batas.

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This thesis discusses the application of the principle of state responsibility in cases of cross-border damage and / or pollution. The research in this thesis is a normative and descriptive juridical research. The discussion in this study discusses the imposition of Nicaragua's responsibility for environmental destruction in the territory of the State of Costa Rica. This study also discusses the potential for the application of the principle of state responsibility for transboundary haze disasters due to forest and / or land fires. The assignment of accountability to the state in this research is carried out with reference to the Article of State Responsibility for International Wrong Actions. It will also discuss the recognition of the principle of state responsibility in the context of transboundary damage and / or pollution in the international legal framework and national legal framework as well as several cases of cross-border damage and / or pollution, such as the trail smelter case. , the Lake Lanoux case, the Corfu Strait case, and the nuclear weapons test case. The author finds that state accountability is born from the recognition of state sovereignty which prohibits the state from causing damage and / or pollution that crosses national borders. The prohibition of causing damage and / or pollution has become a norm of international environmental law after it has been stated in the principles of the 21 Stockholm Declaration and the use of these norms as a basis for resolving cross-border environmental disputes."