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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Nama : Hageng GurinoProgram Studi : Hukum TransnationalJudul : Penyelengaraan Pelayanan Navigasi Penerbangan Di Sektor A, B, dan C Di Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Hukum International. Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang sangat luas yang teridiri dari 17.508 pulau dan 81.000 km2 garis pantai, dengan luas perairan laut mencapai /- 5.900.000km2. Dengan luasnya wilayah Indonesia, maka akan mengundang ancaman pelanggaran baik di wilayah laut dan wilayah udara Indonesia. Ruang udara Indonesia di atas kepulauan Riau dan Natuna dikenal sebagai Sektor A, B, dan C yang dikelola oleh Singapura dan Malaysia. Beberapa usaha pengambil alihan pun pernah dilakukan namun belum berhasil. Dengan Pelayanan Navigasi penerbangan di Indonesia di Sektor A, B, dan C sampai saat ini yang masih dikuasai oleh Singapura dan Malaysia akan berdampak pada bidang politik, bidang ekonomi, pertahanan keamanan negara. Ini sudah saatnya pemerintah mengkaji ulang tentang Flight Information Regional yang dikelola oleh Singapura dan Malaysia dan sebagai negara yang berdaulat Indonesia harus dapat mengambil alih kembali Pelayanan Navigasi di Sektor A, B, dan C dari Singapura dan Malaysia. Dalam penerapan Flight Information Region Sektor A, B, dan C, Indonesia sudah sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh Annex 11 Konvensi Chicago 1944 dan Indonesia sudah mampu mengelola wilayah udara negaranya. Kata kunci :Pelayanan navigasi penerbangan, Flight Information Region, Sektor A, B, dan C,

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ABSTRACT
Nama Hageng GuritnoProgram of Studi Transnational LawTitle Navigation Aviation Services In Sectors A, B, and C In Indonesia Viewed From International Law. Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands and 81,000 km2 of coastline, with sea area reaching 5.900.000km2. With the vastness of Indonesia, it will invite the threat of violations both in the sea and air region of Indonesia. Indonesia 39 s airspace over the islands of Riau and Natuna is known as Sectors A, B, and C managed by Singapore and Malaysia. Several takeover attempts have been made but have not succeeded. With Indonesia 39 s Navigation Services in Sectors A, B, and C to date still dominated by Singapore and Malaysia will have an impact on the political, economic, and defense of the country 39 s security. It is time for the Government to review the Regional Flight Information managed by Singapore and Malaysia and as a sovereign country Indonesia should be able to take over the Navigation Service in Sectors A, B and C from Singapore and Malaysia. In implementing Flight Information Region Sector A, B, and C, Indonesia is in conformity with the standards set by Annex 11 of the 1944 Chicago Convention and Indonesia has been able to manage the airspace of the country. Keywords Navigation Services Aviation, Flight Information Region, Sector A, B, and C

Abstrak :
Pada tanggal 25 Januari 2022 pemerintah Indonesia bersama dengan Singapura menyetujui kesepakatan penyesuaian Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapura yang di ratifikasi melalui Peraturan Presiden No 109 Tahun 2023. Adanya perjanjian realignment FIR penting untuk dikaji terutama dilihat melalui pertahanan dan keamanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggambarkan objek yang diteliti berdasarkan fakta di lapangan dengan menggunakan key informan sebagai sumber data dan data sekunder. Pada penelitian ini juga digunakan teori Kedaulatan dari Kranser dan Teori Keamanan Kompleks dari Barry Buzzan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengelola ruang udara yang semula di delegasikan kepada Singapura khususnya di sebagian sektor A dan B. Tetapi Indonesia tetap memiliki kontrol dan pengawasan melalui Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), dimana CMAC tersebut dapat menjadi solusi dalam isu kedaulatan, pertahanan, dan keamanan. Di sisi lain perjanjian tersebut dianggap dapat menabrak UU No 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia harus sudah melakukan pengelolaan secara penuh selambat-lambatnya pada tahun 2024. Pada penelitian ini juga dihasilkan bahwa Indonesia masih dihadapkan dengan kendala pengambilalihan ruang udara tersebut, diantaranya: (1) kepercayaan; (2) diplomasi. ......On January 25, 2022, the Indonesian government together with Singapore approved the realignment Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapore agreement which was ratified through Presidential Regulation Number 109 Year 2023. The existence of an FIR realignment agreement is important to be reviewed, especially seen through defense and security. This research uses qualitative descriptive methods by describing the object under study based on facts in the field using key informants as data sources and secondary data. In this study also used the theory of sovereignty from Kranser and the theory of security the complex of Barry Buzzan. This research results that Indonesia has not fully managed the airspace originally delegated to Singapore, especially in some sectors A and B. But Indonesia still has control and supervision through Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), where the CMAC can be a solution in sovereignty, defense, and security issues. On the other hand, the agreement is considered to be able to violate Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 1 Year 2009 concerning Aviation which states that Indonesia must have carried out full management no later than 2024. In this study, it was also found that Indonesia is still faced with obstacles to the takeover of airspace, including: (1) trust; (2) diplomacy.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Wilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebut secara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ? negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikuti garis batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayah udara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapura karena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan. Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yang diderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerja sama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian, yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisi Indonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Hal inilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis ini menggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalam pembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri di antara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuai dengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yang menentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukan pertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelah mendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakan politik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanya masalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagi pemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isu pendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini juga merefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACT
Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a right owned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed to follow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which most unlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced by Indonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegated to Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. By delegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesian government still continues the air territory management cooperation although the delegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia has made it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of the sovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politics theory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making process among bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to the variables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determine each actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmental decisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesian bureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identified problems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in the governmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue of national air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflects the competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a right owned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed to follow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which most unlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced by Indonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegated to Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. By delegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesian government still continues the air territory management cooperation although the delegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia has made it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of the sovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politics theory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making process among bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to the variables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determine each actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmental decisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesian bureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identified problems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in the governmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue of national air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflects the competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a right owned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed to follow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which most unlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced by Indonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegated to Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. By delegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesian government still continues the air territory management cooperation although the delegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia has made it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of the sovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politics theory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making process among bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to the variables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determine each actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmental decisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesian bureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identified problems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in the governmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue of national air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflects the competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]