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"This paper examines the fire smoke hazards of commercial - multi-function buildings known asRumah Toko or ?Ruko" The fire simulation was carried out using the NIST Fire Dynamic Simulators(FDS) model. The input for the model was taken from a typical design and sizes of this building built inIndonesian cities. On the basis of a set fire, two (2) design scenarios have been analyzed, i.e. thetraditional design and an improved design. The results of this work show that in the ordinary design ofthe Ruko building, smoke production during a fire can overcome the occupants in relatively short periodof time. Meanwhile the improved design by means of installing smoke shaft systems can improve theventing capacity of the building. On the basis of smoke density level, the margin of safety for evacuationefforts is extended from 160 s to more than 400 s by the use of smoke shaft systems."

"Keselamatan jiwa dalam peristiwa kebakaran di ruang tertutup, seperti parkir bawah tanah dan gedung bertingkat, sangat bergantung pada efektivitas sistem ventilasi asap. Salah satu solusi modern yang banyak diterapkan adalah penggunaan Jet Fan sebagai bagian dari sistem ventilasi mekanis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja sistem Jet Fan dalam mendukung proses evakuasi dan pengendalian asap melalui pendekatan fire modelling. Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak PyroSim yang mengintegrasikan Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), sehingga memungkinkan analisis mendalam terhadap dinamika aliran udara, distribusi panas, dan penyebaran asap. Penilaian dilakukan terhadap parameter-parameter kritis seperti suhu, visibilitas, arah aliran asap, serta Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan penghuni untuk melakukan evakuasi secara aman. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi Jet Fan yang dirancang dengan benar dapat mengarahkan asap menjauh dari jalur evakuasi dan memperpanjang waktu aman evakuasi. Selain itu, integrasi logika aktivasi berbasis suhu atau deteksi asap terbukti meningkatkan efisiensi sistem secara keseluruhan. Dengan pendekatan pemodelan ini, perancang sistem keselamatan kebakaran dapat mengestimasi RSET secara akurat dan melakukan optimasi desain berdasarkan kondisi skenario terburuk. Studi ini menegaskan pentingnya penggunaan teknologi simulasi dalam perencanaan sistem proteksi kebakaran yang berbasis risiko dan data teknis.

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Ensuring occupant safety during fire emergencies in enclosed spaces—such as underground car parks and high-rise buildings—requires an effective smoke control system. Jet Fan-based ventilation systems have become a widely adopted solution due to their ability to manage smoke movement without the need for extensive ductwork. This study investigates the performance of Jet Fan systems in enhancing smoke ventilation and supporting safe evacuation through computational fire modelling. Simulations were conducted using PyroSim integrated with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), which applies validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods based on the Navier-Stokes equations for low-speed thermally driven flows. Key performance indicators such as temperature distribution, visibility, smoke layer height, and Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) were assessed under various fire scenarios. The results demonstrate that the strategic placement and automatic temperature-based activation of Jet Fan significantly improve smoke extraction and maintain tenable conditions along evacuation routes. These findings are consistent with established fire safety criteria found in NFPA 92 and SFPE Handbook guidelines. By enabling accurate estimation of RSET relative to Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), the modelling approach provides a reliable tool for optimizing fire protection system design. This research reinforces the value of scenario-based simulation in designing risk-informed, performance-based fire safety strategies in accordance with international engineering standards."