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Abstrak :
"A new edition of the leading introduction to the science of fire phenomena, complete with the latest research, data and additional problemsThis book is unique in that it identifies fire science and fire dynamics and provides the scientific background necessary to the development of fire safety engineering as a professional discipline. It is essential reading for all involved in the field from fire safety engineering students to fire prevention officers. After 21 years as a bestseller, Dougal Drysdale's classic introduction has been brought up-to-date with the latest data and research in a third edition. Features numerical problems with answers illustrating the quantitative applications of the concepts presented. Includes quantitative experimental data regarding material properties. Successfully course-tested at Massachusetts' Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the University of Edinburgh, and widely adopted throughout the world. Of relevance to those working in building design, fire physics and chemistry. "-- "This book is unique in that it identifies fire science and fire dynamics and provides the scientific background necessary to the development of fire safety engineering as a professional discipline"--

Abstrak :
Perpindahan panas sudah dipelajari sejak lama karena memiliki manfaat bagi manusia seperti energi matahari. Penggunaan energi matahari adalah salah satu perpindahan panas dengan cara radiasi. Dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin berkembang pesat, manusia membuat alat dengan memanfaatkan energi matahari tersebut, seperti Solar Water Heater. Untuk mendapatkan efisiensi termal yang baik, diperlukan sudut kemiringan yang tepat pada pemasangan kolektor SWH. Maka, diperlukan alat untuk mengetahui besar nilai radiasi yang diterima, yaitu Radiometer. Alat ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar nilai fluks kalor. Pengujian Alat Radiometer dilakukan dengan variasi jarak sensor terhadap pemanas, faktor pandang sensor terhadap pemanas, sudut kemiringan sensor dan pemanas, dan offset sensor terhadap pemanas. Pengujian juga dilakukan secara ldquo;eksperimental numerik rdquo; menggunakan FDS dengan skala 1:1. Penelitian ini dapat menunjukkan adanya keserupaan trend hasil antara model numerik dan eksperimental. ......Heat transfer has been studied for a long time because it has benefits for humans like solar energy. The use of solar energy is one of the heat transfer by way of radiation. With the rapidly evolving technological developments, humans make tools by utilizing the solar energy, such as Solar Water Heater. To obtain good thermal efficiency, an appropriate slope angle is required in the installation of the SWH collector. Therefore, a tool is needed to know the value of radiation received, that is Radiometer. This tool aims to know the value of flux of heat. Radiometer Testing is done by varying the distance of the sensor to the heater, the sensor 39 s viewing factor to the heater, the angle of the sensor and heating, and the sensor offset to the heater. The tests were also conducted in numerical experimental using FDS on a 1 1 scale. This research can show the similarity of trend of result between numerical model and experimental.

Abstrak :
Perpindahan kalor selalu terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari manusia dan dapat dirasakan manfaatnya maupun kerugiannya. Perpindahan kalor sendiri terbagi menjadi tiga menurut media perantaranya, yaitu konduksi, konveksi, dan radiasi. Salah satu contoh kasus dimana terdapat ketiga proses dari pepindahan panas adalah saat terjadi kebakaran dalam suatu ruangan. Saat kebakaran, panas dari api akan berpindah ke lingkungan sekitar dan mengenai benda-benda di sekitarnya dengan radiasi, konduksi, dan konveksi. Kalor yang berpindah melalui radiasi tentunya tidak memerlukan media penghantar karena kalor tersebut berpindah dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik dan dapat berpindah sampai jarak yang jauh. Jarak, faktor pandang, dan penempatan dari suatu benda akan mempengaruhi besarnya radiasi yang akan diterima dari kalor api. Oleh karena itu, untuk menguji pengaruh dari jarak, faktor pandang dan penempatan benda terhadap radiasi dirancang alat dengan sensor fluks kalor multi-axis. Alat dengan sensor fluks kalor multi-axis atau dengan nama Radiometer Multi-Axis akan dirancang yang kemudian akan diuji untuk mengetahui hasil dari rancangan. Alat disebut Multi-Axis karena meja kerja dari alat dapat diputar 90o. Pengujian dari alat akan meliputi temperatur pemanas, jarak sensor terhadap pemanas, offset sensor terhadap pemanas, sudut pandang sensor terhadap pemanas, dan orientasi meja kerja alat. Hasil dari pengujian jarak dan offset divalidasi dengan perhitungan teoritis dan simulasi numerik Fire Dynamics Simulation. Hasil dari pengujian memiliki tren yang sama dengan perhitungan teoritis dan simulasi Fire Dynamics Simulation. Hasil dari penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa jarak dan sudut pandang benar berpengaruh terhadap fluks radiasi yang diterima. ......Heat transfer always occurs in the daily life of human beings and can be felt its benefits as well as disadvantages. Heat transfer itself is divided into three according to medium, namely conduction, convection, and radiation. One example of a case where there is a third process of heat transfer is the event of a fire in a room. During a fire, the heat from the fire will travel into the surrounding environment and affect the objects around it with radiation, conduction, and convection. Heat that travels through radiation certainly does not require a medium of delivery because the heat is traveled in the form of electromagnetic waves and can travel to a very long distance. Distance, view factor, and placement of an object will affect the amount of radiation to be received from the heat of fire. Therefore, to examine the effect of distance, the viewing factor and the placement of objects against radiation, writer designs a multi axis heat flux sensors. Instrument with multi axis heat flux sensors or by the name of a Multi Axis Radiometer will be designed which will then be tested to determine the results of the design. Instrument called Multi Axis because the workbench of the instrument can be rotated 90o. Testing of the apparatus will include the heating temperature, the distance of the sensor to the heater, the sensor offset to the heater, the viewing angle of the sensor to the heater, and the orientation of the workbench. The results of testing distance and offset are validated by the theoretical calculations and numerical simulations of Fire Dynamics Simulation. The results of the test have the same charts trend with the theoretical calculations and simulations of Fire Dynamics Simulation. The results of this study also indicate that the distance and point of view affect the received radiation flux.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pesatnya pertumbuhan transportasi massal berbasis rel di kota metropolitan diikuti juga dengan fasilitas pendukungnya seperti terowongan bawah tanah. Minimnya paparan terhadap udara bebas di terowongan bawah tanah mendorong diadakannya penelitian lebih jauh mengenai perilaku asap hasil kebakaran yang mempengaruhi perubahan visibilitas. Pada kondisi yang ada, sistem pembuangan asap didukung oleh ventilasi paksa yang secara kualitatif  telah diketahui mampu membuang asap ketika proses evakuasi berlangsung. Penelitian mengenai pengaruh ventilasi natural terhadap visibilitas pada simulasi terowongan bawah tanah berskala laboraturium menjadi menarik untuk dilakukan mengingat adanya kemungkinan kegagalan pada sistem pembuangan asap ketika proses evakuasi berlangsung. Simulasi kebakaran berskala laboraturium dilakukan pada terowongan model berskala 1:16,25 dan simulasi numerik dengan skala 1:16,25 menggunakan software Fire Dynamics Simulation versi 6. Froude Number dijaga konstan pada kedua metode untuk memastikan rasio antara gaya inersia fluida dan gaya beratnya sama dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya sihingga perilaku asap pada skala penuh secara umum dapat diprediksi melalui hasil simulasi berskala laboraturium. Perbedaan kecenderungan penurunan visibilitas antara kedua metode sebagai hasil dari simulasi mengindikasikan adanya kekurangan akurasi dari metode simulasi numerik dalam memprediksi karakteristik penurunan visibilitas terhadap waktu. Metode simulasi numerik secara umum hanya mampu memprediksi nilai akhir dari visibilitas dan apakah visibilitas menurun atau konstan terhadap waktu. Kesimpulan kondisional akhir yang dapat disoroti dari penelitian ini adalah ventilasi natural terbukti mampu mengurangi penurunan visibilitas ketika kebarakan terjadi.

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ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of railway based public transportation in metropolitan city is followed by its supporting facilities such as underground tunnel. The minimum exposure towards ambient air in underground tunnel encourages the further studies about the conflagration smoke behavior which effects visibility change. In the existing situation, the smoke extraction system is supported by forced ventilation which has been qualitatively known to be able in extracting smoke during the evacuation time. The studies about the effect of natural ventilation on visibility in a laboratory scale underground tunnel simulation become interesting to be done due to the possibility of smoke extraction system failure while evacuation is being held. The laboratory scaled conflagration simulation is held at a 1:16,25 scaled tunnel model and numerical simulation using Fire Dynamics Simulation version 6 with 1:16,25 scale. The Froude Number is kept to be constant for both of the methods to ensure the ratio between fluid inertia force and its gravitational weight are similar so the full scaled smoke behavior can be generally predicted by the laboratory scaled result. The different trend in visibility declination among the methods as the result indicates an inaccuracy of the simulation method to predict the visibility declination characteristic by the time. It is only generally able to predict the final value of visibility and whether it is decline or is constant by the time. The final conditional conclusion can be highlighted from this research is natural ventilation is proven to be able to reduce the visibility declination when the conflagration occurs.

 

Abstrak :
This book illustrates a new quantitative risk analysis model for road tunnels that is capable of evaluating the role of infrastructure measures, equipment and management procedures as prescribed by EU Directive 2004/54/EC. The risk assessment draws on the typical F-N curves of societal risk, evaluated with the help of event tree analysis, vehicle queue formation dynamics, and users egress and tenability models. In addition, the model considers the reliability of the safety measures. The work provides essential guidance on the following aspects: how a quantitative model can be implemented to evaluate risk in road tunnels; how to build an event tree for the accident scenarios considered; how to simulate the vehicle queue formation; how to simulate the evolution of accident scenarios; and how to simulate the users egress. Given its scope and depth of coverage, the book will be of interest to all engineers whose work involves fire protection and safety in tunnels, all persons engaged in safety and transport engineering or risk analysis for road tunnels, as well as public and private bodies involved in the application of Directive 2004/54/EC.