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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Menurut Jakarta Cancer Registry tahun 2012, kanker kolorektal merupakan kanker terbanyak kedua pada laki-laki dan terbanyak keempat pada perempuan di Indonesia. Pemeriksaan skrining kanker kolorektal yang saat ini tersedia memiliki berbagai keterbatasan. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) adalah endopeptidase yang berperan dalam degradasi matriks ekstraseluler, dan disekresi oleh berbagai sel seperti sel tumor, sel radang, dan fibroblas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran diagnostik MMP-9 feses dibandingkan dengan gambaran histopatologi sebagai baku emas. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 52 subjek terduga kanker kolorektal yang menjalani kolonoskopi. Kadar MMP-9 feses diperiksa menggunakan kit MMP-9 dari R&D Systems dengan metode ELISA. Akurasi diagnostik kadar MMP-9 feses sebesar 0,855. Titik potong kadar MMP-9 feses didapatkan 1,237 ng/ml dengan sensitivitas 88,9%, spesifisitas 76,7%, nilai prediksi positif 44,4%, dan nilai prediksi negatif 97,1%. Pemeriksaan kadar MMP-9 feses dapat dipertimbangkan dalam skrining kanker kolorektal.

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ABSTRACT According to Jakarta Cancer Registry 2012, colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in men and fourth in women in Indonesia. Colorectal cancer screening tests currently available, have various limitations. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is endopeptidase which plays a role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, and is secreted by various cells such as tumor cells, inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts. This is a cross sectional study aims to determine the diagnostic role of faecal MMP-9 compared to histopathological features as gold standard. The study was conducted on 52 subjects with suspected colorectal cancers who underwent colonoscopy. The levels of faecal MMP-9 were examined using MMP-9 kit from R&D Systems using ELISA method. Diagnostic accuracy of faecal MMP-9 levels is 0.855. The cutoff point was 1.237 ng/ml with sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 76.7%, positive predictive value of 44.4%, and negative predictive value of 97.1%. Faecal MMP-9 can be considered as a screening test in colorectal cancer.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian pada kukang sumatera (Nycticebus coucang) di penangkaran PSSP. Tujuan dari peneltian ini adalah untuk mengamati ada atau tidaknya pengaruh tekanan lingkunan terhadap kukang yang telah hidup di penangkaran selama ±8 tahun. Subjek penelitian meliputi kandang K1: satu kukang jantan, satu kukang betina, satu anak; kandang K2: satu kukang jantan; kandang K3: satu kukang jantan dan satu kukang betina. Penelitian meliputi pengamatan aktvitas sang hari (diurnal) pada pukul 09.00-15.00 (GMT+7) dengan metode scan sampling interval 10 menit tanpa jeda selama 1.920 menit dalam satu bulan, serta pengukuran kadar hormon kortisol feses dengan metode kompetitif ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Konsentrasi kortisol didapatkan melalui konversi nilai OD terhadap kurva standar persamaan y= 1/(-2.12642 + 6.381724x2.47709) dan y= 1/(-5.0690 + 2.89654x4.099722). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas diurnal pada kukang dengan persentase rata-rata terbesar meliputi unseen 94,12% pada K1, sleeping 45,22% pada K3, dan resting pada 33,05% K2. Kadar kortisol terdeteksi berfluktuasi, kadar kortisol tertinggi adalah 0,6 ng/ml dan terendah 0,02 ng/ml. ......Research on slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) has conducted in Primate Research Center, Bogor. This research aim to examine the presence of environmental influence to Nycticebus coucang which have been living in captivity for ±8 years. Subject on three cages consist of K1: one male and one female with an infant; K2: one single male; K3: one male and one female. Behavioural observation during the day (diurnal) had been done at 09:00-16:00 (GMT +7) through scan sampling method with 10 minutes interval without pause for 1.920 minutes for one month. Cortisol level had been measured with the competitive-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Cortisol level obtained through conversion of OD value with standard curve y= 1/(-2.12642 + 6.381724x2.47709) and y= 1/(-5.0690 + 2.89654x4.099722). Result of the study showed diurnal activities with highest average percentage are unseen 94,12% on K1, sleeping 45,22% on K3, and resting 33,05% on K2. Cortisol levels are fluctuating. Highest cortisol level is 0.6 ng/ml and the lowest is 0.02 ng/ml.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Telah dilakukan penelitian pengidentifikasian endoparasit sampel feses Nasalis larvatus, Presbytis siamensis, dan Presbytis comata di Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan endoparasit dan membandingkan hasil serta kepraktisan kedua metode. Penelitian dilakukan sejak Desember--Mei 2011 di Laboratorium Kesehatan Hewan. Sebanyak 216 sampel diperiksa terdiri 72 sampel dari masing-masing spesies. Hasil menunjukkan telur Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, dan Trichuris trichiura ditemukan pada sampel feses ketiga spesies primata melalui dua metode. Balantidium coli dan larva Strongyloides stercoralis hanya ditemukan pada Metode Natif. Berdasarkan keanekaragaman spesies endoparasit, Metode Natif mampu dan lebih praktis dalam mendapatkan hasil lebih dibandingkan Metode Pengapungan Dengan Sentrifugasi.

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ABSTRACT
This research has been conducted to identify endoparasites from fecal samples of Nasalis larvatus, Presbytis comata, and Presbytis siamensis at Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung, using Native and Centrifugation Flotation Methods. The aims of this non-experimental research were to identify the presence of endoparasite and to compare the result between those two methods. This research was conducted since December--May 2011. There were 216 fecal samples observed in this research consist of 72 fecal samples for each species. The result showed that Balantidium coli and Strongyloides stercoralis were only found by using Native method, meanwhile Ascaris lumricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Trichuris trichiura?s eggs were found in almost entire fecal samples that analyzed by Native and Centrifugation Flotation Methods. We can conclude that NativeMethod is much more practical than Flotation Centrifuge Method.

Abstrak :
Karsinoma Kolorektal (KKR) merupakan keganasan keempat terbanyak dan penyebab kematian ketiga di dunia. Gejala awal KKR yang tidak jelas mengakibatkan sebagian besar pasien datang dalam stadium lanjut. Kolonoskopi sebagai standar diagnostik bersifat invasif, mahal, membutuhkan banyak persiapan, dan tidak dimiliki oleh semua rumah sakit di Indonesia. Pemeriksaan CEA serum saat ini hanya digunakan untuk menilai prognosis. Pemeriksaan CEA feses memberikan harapan dalam deteksi KKR dan terdapat peningkatan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas apabila dikombinasikan dengan parameter lain. Sistem skoring Asia Pacific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) berdasarkan data umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga menderita KKR dan riwayat merokok dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penapisan pasien KKR. Penelitian ini menganalisis kombinasi pemeriksaan CEA feses dan serum serta skor APCS dibandingkan dengan histopatologi sebagai baku emas. Desain penelitian potong lintang terhadap 60 pasien terduga KKR yang diperiksa CEA feses dan serum, dihitung skor APCS dan dilakukan biopsi kolonoskopi. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar CEA feses, CEA serum dan skor APCS pada kelompok KKR dan non-KKR. Median kadar CEA feses kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 10726 ng/mL (32,9 – 30000 ng/mL) dan 3671,8 ng/mL (35,9 – 29454,8 ng/mL), median kadar CEA serum kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 8,95 ng/mL (0,5 – 7757,9 ng/mL) dan 1,75 ng/mL (0,5 – 5,8 ng/mL), dan skor APCS kelompok KKR dan non-KKR adalah 3 dan 2. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat variabel yang memiliki kemaknaan secara statistik dalam probabilitas terjadinya KKR adalah CEA feses dan CEA serum dengan rumus y = 1/ (1 + Exp (0,93 –1,56*CEA feses – 1,87*CEA serum)). ......Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common malignancy and third most deadly cancer in the world. The early nonspecific symptoms of CRC resulting most patients come in an advanced stage. Colonoscopy as a diagnostic standard is invasive, expensive, requires some preparation, and not available in all hospitals in Indonesia. Serum CEA is currently used only for prognostic purposes. Fecal CEA has advantage in detection of CRC and sensitivity and specificity increased as combined with the other parameters. The Asia Pacific Colorectal Cancer Screening (APCS) scoring system based on data of age, sex, family history of CRC and smoking history improve screening efficiency of CRC patients. This study analyzed combination of fecal and serum CEA, and APCS scores with histopathology as the gold standard. This is a cross sectional study in 60 suspected CRC who were examined for fecal and serum CEA, calculated APCS scores and performed colonoscopic biopsies. In this study, there were significant differences of fecal CEA, serum CEA and APCS scores in CRC and non-CRC groups. The median fecal CEA levels in CRC and non-CRC groups were 10726 ng/mL (32.9 – 30000 ng/mL) and 3671.8 ng/mL (35.9 – 29454.8 ng/mL), the median serum CEA levels in CRC and non-CRC groups were 8.95 ng/mL (0.5 – 7757.9 ng/mL) and 1.75 ng/mL (0.5 – 5.8 ng/mL), and APCS scores of CRC and non-CRC groups were 3 and 2. Based on the multivariate analysis, fecal and serum CEA were variables statistically significance in probability of CRC with formula y = 1/ (1 + Exp (0.93 – 1.56*fecal CEA – 1.87*serum CEA)).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Diagnosis infeksi parasit usus dilakukan menggunakan pemeriksaan mikroskopik feses, akan tetapi pemeriksaan mikroskopik memiliki banyak metode dan belum ditentukan metode mana yang merupakan baku emas. Laboratorium Departemen Parasitologi FKUI menggunakan dua metode pemeriksaan mikroskopik, yaitu metode langsung dan metode konsentrasi formalin-eter Ritchie untuk pemeriksaan rutin pada sampel feses. Penelitian ini pun disusun untuk membandingkan efektivitas kedua metode tersebut dalam diagnosis parasit usus. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan data berupa data sekunder, yaitu hasil pemeriksaan dari sampel feses yang dikirim ke Laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan uji Fisher dan ditentukan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitasnya dengan pengganti baku emas berupa nilai positif gabungan kedua metode. Hasil didapatkan pemeriksaan mikroskopis menggunakan metode langsung memiliki sensitivitas 100 dan spesifisitas 100 , sedangkan metode konsentrasi formalin-eter Ritchie memiliki sensitivitas lebih rendah yakni 98 dan spesifisitas 100 . Uji Fisher menyatakan perbedaan bermakna untuk hasil pemeriksaan kedua metode

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ABSTRACT
Microscopic stool examination has been used for diagnosing intestinal parasite infection. However, there are lots of methods for stool preparation prior to examination and a definite gold standard have yet to be determined. Laboratory of Parasitology FKUI has been using two methods, which are direct method and formol ether concentration method Ritchie . This study compared the effectivity of both method in diagnosing intestinal parasite infection. This was a cross sectional study that use secondary data which were result for examination of stool samples sent to Laboratory of Parasitology FKUI. The collected data would then be analyzed using Fisher test. The sensitivity and specifity of each method were determined using the total positive result from both methods as replacement for gold standard. It was found that direct method had the sensitivity of 100 and specificity of 100 when Ritchie method had lower sensitivity 98 and specificity 100 . Result from Fisher test showed that the difference in the two method was statistically significant

Abstrak :
Coronavirus Disease 2019 menjadi krisis kesehatan masyarakat baru yang mengancam manusia. setiap orang semakin rentan mengalami gangguan psikososial. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Czeisler et. al (2020), pervalensi perempuan dewasa mengalami gangguan ansietas atau depresi lebih tinggi dari pada laki-laki, yaitu sebesar 31,5%. Termasuk ibu rumah tangga yang sebelum pandemi secara individu seorang ibu rumah tangga mengalami stress yang tergolong berat. Kejadian epidemi ini bukan hanya beresiko kepada tekanan psikologis, tetapi juga dapat berdampak dengan kesehatan fisiologis, termasuk kesehatan pencernaan . Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional untuk membuktikan adanya hubungan masalah psikososial dengan pola eliminasi fekal pada ibu rumah tangga selama masa pandemic Covid-19. Hasil yang diperoleh, terdapat hubungan masalah psikososial dengan frekuensi buang air besar (p = 0,019, α = 0,05), karakteristik feses (p = 0,029, α = 0,05), dan penggunaan obat laksatif (p = 0,006, α = 0,05). Namun, tidak menunjukan hubungan masalah psikososial dengan urgensi eliminasi fekal (0,464, α = 0,05). Oleh karena itu, perlu ada upaya pencegahan bertujuan untuk mengurangi dampak psikologis dan fisiologi dari masalah psikososial yang timbul akibat pandemi COVID-19 sejak dini agar tidak mengalami masalah patologis kejiawaan. ......Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a new public health crisis that threatens humans. Everyone is increasingly susceptible to psychosocial disorders. Research conducted by Czeisler et. al (2020), the prevalence of adult women experiencing anxiety disorders or depression is higher than men, which is 31.5%. Including housewives who before the pandemic individually a housewife experienced severe stress. The occurrence of this epidemic is not only a risk of psychological distress, but can also have an impact on physiological health, including digestive health. This study is a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach to prove the relationship between psychosocial problems and faecal elimination patterns in housewives during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results obtained, there is a the relationship between psychosocial problems with defecation frequency (p = 0.019, = 0.05), stool characteristics (p = 0.029, = 0.05), and use of laxative drugs (p = 0.006, = 0.05). However, it does not show the relationship between psychosocial problems and the urgency of faecal elimination (0.464, = 0.05). Therefore, the nneds of prevention aimed at reducing the psychological and physiological impacts of psychosocial problems arising from the COVID-19 pandemic from an early age so as not to experience mental pathological problems.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai endoparasit pada sampel feses Macaca fascicularis dan Macaca nemestrina di Kebun Binatang Taman Sari Bandung, pada bulan Desember 2010--Mei 2011. Penelitian bersifat non-eksperimental dan bertujuan untuk mengamati endoparasit pada sampel feses Macaca fascicularis dan Macaca nemestrina ditinjau dari kehadiran endoparasit. Sebanyak 61 sampel feses telah diperiksa dengan 31 sampel feses Macaca fascicularis dan 30 sampel feses Macaca nemestrina. Sampel feses dianalisis menggunakan metode Pengapungan Sentrifugasi. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan dari 31 sampel feses Macaca fascicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides merupakan endoparasit yang ditemukan dengan frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi yaitu 77,41%. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan dari 30 sampel feses Macaca nemestrina, Trichuris trichiura merupakan endoparasit yang ditemukan dengan frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi. ......This research was conducted to identify endoparasites on fecal samples of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina at Taman Sari Zoo, on Bandung, since December 2010 until May 2011. The aim of this non experimental research was to observe the presence of endoparasite from fecal sample of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina. There were 61 fecal samples observed in this research consist of 31 fecal samples collected from Macaca fascicularis and 30 fecal samples collected from Macaca nemestrina. Fecal samples were analyzed by flotation centrifuge methods. The result showed that 31 fecal samples from Macaca fascicularis had the highest frequency of Ascaris lumbricoide (77,41%), meanwhile 30 fecal samples from Macaca nemestrina showed that Trichuris trichiura found to be the highest frequency (76,6%).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Konstipasi fungsional kronik adalah masalah yang sering ditemukan di masyarakat dengan prevalensi sekitar 15-25%. Konstipasi menimbulkan berbagai gejala, meningkatkan angka kesakitan dan biaya kesehatan. Saat ini, penggunaan probiotik untuk pengobatan konstipasi kronik pada dewasa telah diteliti, namun, dari berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan hasil yang diperoleh masih terbatas dan menimbulkan kontroversi. Tujuan: Untuk menilai manfaat Lactobacillus reuteri dalam memperbaiki skor konstipasi Agachan, jumlah L. reuteri feses dan pH feses pada pasien konstipasi fungsional kronik. Metode: Uji acak tersamar ganda dilakukan pada 40 pasien dewasa (12 laki-laki/ 28 perempuan), rerata usia 45,95+/-16 tahun, yang menderita konstipasi fungsional kronik sesuai kriteria Rome III, selanjutnya dilakukan randomisasi dan diberikan L.reuteri atau Plasebo selama 4 minggu. Hasil: Pada minggu ke-4, setelah pemberian L.reuteri terjadi perbaikan gejala konstipasi, yang dinilai dari penurunan skor konstipasi Agachan dari 17 menjadi 8 dengan p <0.001. Terjadi peningkatan jumlah L.reuteri feses dari 6,80x10 menjadi 2,12x10 8 dengan p <0,001 dan penurunan pH feses dari 5,44 (SB 0,70) menjadi 4,78 (SB 0,56) dengan p <0,001 pada kelompok L.reuteri, sedangkan pada kelompok Plasebo tidak didapatkan hasil yang bermakna pada perbaikan skor konstipasi Agachan, jumlah L.reuteri feses dan pH feses. Kesimpulan: L.reuteri lebih efektif dibandingkan Plasebo dalam memperbaiki konstipasi, meningkatkan jumlah L.reuteri feses dan menurunkan pH feses pada pasien konstipasi fungsional kronik dewasa.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common problem that affects between 15-25% of the population and cause symptoms and disorders, that creates discomfort, morbidity and high costs for health care. Recently, the consumption of probiotics in treating chronic constipation in adults have been investigated. However, there are still limited and controversial evidences available from controlled trials. Aim: To evaluate the effects of L. reuteri in improving the Agachan constipation score, the number of L. reuteri in the feces and the fecal pH in the patients with chronic functional constipation. Methods: A double-blind, placebo RCT was conducted in 40 adult (12 male/ 28 female with mean age 45,95+/-16 years) affected by chronic functional constipation according to Rome III criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a supplementation of L.reuteri or Placebo for 4 weeks. Results: At week 4, the decrease in Agachan constipation score was from 17.00 to 8.00 with p <0.001, the increase number of L.reuteri was from 6,80x10 with p <0,001 and the decrease of pH feces was from 5,44 (SB 0,70) to 4,78 (SB 0,56) with p <0,001 in the L. reuteri group, otherwise in the Placebo group there were no significant results in Agachan constipation score, the number of L.reuteri and fecal pH assessed. Conclusion: L.reuteri is more effective than the Placebo group in improving the Agachan constipation score, increasing the number of L. reuteri in the feces and decreasing the fecal pH in adult with chronic functional constipation.;Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common problem that affects between 15-25% of the population and cause symptoms and disorders, that creates discomfort, morbidity and high costs for health care. Recently, the consumption of probiotics in treating chronic constipation in adults have been investigated. However, there are still limited and controversial evidences available from controlled trials. Aim: To evaluate the effects of L. reuteri in improving the Agachan constipation score, the number of L. reuteri in the feces and the fecal pH in the patients with chronic functional constipation. Methods: A double-blind, placebo RCT was conducted in 40 adult (12 male/ 28 female with mean age 45,95+/-16 years) affected by chronic functional constipation according to Rome III criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a supplementation of L.reuteri or Placebo for 4 weeks. Results: At week 4, the decrease in Agachan constipation score was from 17.00 to 8.00 with p <0.001, the increase number of L.reuteri was from 6,80x10 with p <0,001 and the decrease of pH feces was from 5,44 (SB 0,70) to 4,78 (SB 0,56) with p <0,001 in the L. reuteri group, otherwise in the Placebo group there were no significant results in Agachan constipation score, the number of L.reuteri and fecal pH assessed. Conclusion: L.reuteri is more effective than the Placebo group in improving the Agachan constipation score, increasing the number of L. reuteri in the feces and decreasing the fecal pH in adult with chronic functional constipation.;Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common problem that affects between 15-25% of the population and cause symptoms and disorders, that creates discomfort, morbidity and high costs for health care. Recently, the consumption of probiotics in treating chronic constipation in adults have been investigated. However, there are still limited and controversial evidences available from controlled trials. Aim: To evaluate the effects of L. reuteri in improving the Agachan constipation score, the number of L. reuteri in the feces and the fecal pH in the patients with chronic functional constipation. Methods: A double-blind, placebo RCT was conducted in 40 adult (12 male/ 28 female with mean age 45,95+/-16 years) affected by chronic functional constipation according to Rome III criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a supplementation of L.reuteri or Placebo for 4 weeks. Results: At week 4, the decrease in Agachan constipation score was from 17.00 to 8.00 with p <0.001, the increase number of L.reuteri was from 6,80x10 with p <0,001 and the decrease of pH feces was from 5,44 (SB 0,70) to 4,78 (SB 0,56) with p <0,001 in the L. reuteri group, otherwise in the Placebo group there were no significant results in Agachan constipation score, the number of L.reuteri and fecal pH assessed. Conclusion: L.reuteri is more effective than the Placebo group in improving the Agachan constipation score, increasing the number of L. reuteri in the feces and decreasing the fecal pH in adult with chronic functional constipation.

Abstrak :
Kolitis adalah salah satu penyakit saluran cerna yang sering dijumpai di Indonesia. Peptida antimikroba human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) merupakan bagian dari komponen sistem imun alamiah sistem gastrointestinal yang diteliti perannya dalam patofisiologi kolitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh kadar hBD-2 feses pada pasien kolitis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, serta apakah terdapat perbedaan kadarnya pada kolitis infeksi dan non-infeksi. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukan pada subjek kolitis yang direkrut secara konsekutif di poliklinik Gastroenterologi dan Pusat Endoskopi Saluran Cerna RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, pada bulan Juni – Oktober 2020. Sampel feses dari subjek diperiksakan kadar hBD-2 dengan metode ELISA, feses rutin, darah samar, serta biakan di Laboratorium Departemen Patologi Klinik RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Kadar hBD-2 feses subjek kolitis infeksi dibandingkan dengan kadar hBD-2 feses subjek kolitis non-infeksi. Diperoleh 26 subjek kolitis infeksi dan 20 subjek kolitis non-infeksi dengan median kadar hBD-2 feses berturut-turut adalah 40,39 (5,11 – 555,27) ng/ml dan 36,35 (1,75 – 260,34) ng/ml. Terdapat kecenderungan kadar hBD-2 feses yang tinggi pada subjek kolitis tuberkulosis dan kolitis jamur dengan median berturut-turut 460,55 (30,94 – 555,27) ng/ml dan 340,45 (283,01 – 361,95) ng/ml. Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar hBD-2 feses yang bermakna antara kolitis infeksi dan non-infeksi (p > 0,05). Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan jumlah subjek lebih banyak untuk kelompok kolitis tuberkulosis dan kolitis jamur. ......Colitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in Indonesia. Antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is a part of gastrointestinal innate immunity which roles in the pathophysiology of colitis are still being studied. This study aims to determine fecal hBD-2 concentration in colitis at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, and whether there is significant difference of its concentration in infective and non-infective colitis. A cross-sectional study was conducted on colitis subjects recruited consecutively at Gastroenterology Clinic and Gastroenterology Endoscopy Center of RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, in June - October 2020. Stool samples collected were tested for hBD-2 concentration using ELISA method, routine fecal analysis, fecal occult blood test, and culture at Clinical Pathology Laboratory of RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Fecal hBD-2 concentration was compared between infective and non-infective colitis. There were 26 subjects with infective colitis and 20 subjects with non-infective colitis. Fecal hBD-2 concentrations of the two groups were 40,39 (5,11 – 555,27) ng/ml and 36,35 (1,75 – 260,34) ng/ml. Fecal hBD-2 concentrations in tuberculous colitis and fungal colitis tended to be high, 460,55 (30,94 – 555,27) ng/ml and 340,45 (283,01 – 361,95) ng/ml. There was no significant difference of fecal hBD-2 concentrations in infective and non-infective colitis (p > 0,05). It is recommended to conduct further study with more subjects regarding group tuberculous colitis and fungal colitis.

Abstrak :
[Sekitar 58,9% penduduk Indonesia bergantung pada tangki septik untuk mengolah tinja, namun 90% dari IPLT yang ada tidak beroperasi dengan baik. Anaerobic digestion (AD) adalah teknologi alternatif yang dapat menggantikan sistim saat ini, namun dibutuhkan inokulum yang sesuai agar dapat mengolah lumpur tinja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencampuran inokulum cairan rumen sapi (R) dan feses sapi (F) ke dalam lumpur tinja, dan penambahan co-substrat serbuk kayu (SK) dan daun kering (DK) terhadap pembentukan gas metana. Metode yang digunakan adalah biochemical methane potential (BMP). Batasan yang digunakan adalah massa inkubasi 28 hari, suhu inkubator 35oC, rasio substrat/inokulum (RSI) 1:2, sampel triplo, dan volume efektif 50%. Substrat lumpur tinja memiliki karakteristik COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L, dan C/N 15,2. Hasil kombinasi substrat lumpur tinja dengan co-substrat SK dan DK menghasilkan nilai C/N 24,6 dan 16,8. Dari hasil uji BMP 28 hari, potensi gas metana RSK dan RDK adalah 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS. Kombinasi feses sapi, FSK dan FDK, menghasilkan 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah inokulum (R) memiliki potensi menghasilkan gas metana lebih besar ketimbang (F), dan campuran co-substrat tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pembentukan gas metana. ......About 58,9% of Indonesian‟s people rely on septic tank to process fecal waste, but 90% of fecal treatment facilities doesn't function properly. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an alternative technology than could replace the existing system, but it requires a compatible inoculum to digest fecal sludge waste. This research aims to determine the effects of adding inoculum from cow's rumen fluid (R) and cow‟s feces (F) into fecal sludge, and also determine the effect of combination of sawdust (SK) and dried leaves (DK) to the methane gas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) method is used in this research. The research frameworks consist of 28 days incubation period, incubator temperature of 35oC, 1:2 substrate-to-inoculum ratios (RSI), triplicate sample and 50% effective volume. The sewage sludge characteristics are COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L and C/N 15,2. The combination of fecal sludge substrate with sawdust co-substrate and dried leaves yields C/N value of 24,6 and 16,8 respectively. The results of this research are the combination of rumen with RSK and RDK yields 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS respectively. The combination of cow feces with FSK and FDK yields 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. This experiment concluded that inoculum (R) has the highest methane production compare to (F) and the combination of co-substrate (SK) and (DK) has little influence in methane gas production., About 58,9% of Indonesian‟s people rely on septic tank to process fecal waste, but 90% of fecal treatment facilities doesn‟t function properly. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an alternative technology than could replace the existing system, but it requires a compatible inoculum to digest fecal sludge waste. This research aims to determine the effects of adding inoculum from cow‟s rumen fluid (R) and cow‟s feces (F) into fecal sludge, and also determine the effect of combination of sawdust (SK) and dried leaves (DK) to the methane gas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) method is used in this research. The research frameworks consist of 28 days incubation period, incubator temperature of 35oC, 1:2 substrate-to-inoculum ratios (RSI), triplicate sample and 50% effective volume. The sewage sludge characteristics are COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L and C/N 15,2. The combination of fecal sludge substrate with sawdust co-substrate and dried leaves yields C/N value of 24,6 and 16,8 respectively. The results of this research are the combination of rumen with RSK and RDK yields 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS respectively. The combination of cow feces with FSK and FDK yields 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. This experiment concluded that inoculum (R) has the highest methane production compare to (F) and the combination of co-substrate (SK) and (DK) has little influence in methane gas production.]