Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Sebagian besar jaringan pipa bawah laut di Indonesia dipasang dengan menggunakan metode S-Lay, dengan menggunakan kapal tongkang yang dilengkapi dengan mooring spread, tensioner dan stinger. Selama pemasangan pipa bawah laut, beban statis terjadi dikarenakan bentuk konfigurasi pipa dari atas kapal sampai di dasar laut, dimana pipa akan mengalami tegangan aksial (axial tension) dan momen lentur (bending moment) di dua area kritis, yaitu overbend dan sagbend. Selain itu beban fatik juga terjadi pada saat pemasangan pipa bawah laut dikarenakan beban lingkungan (seperti arus dan gelombang). Cacat yang terjadi pada proses pengelasan akan mengalami pertumbuhan retak (crack growth) dikarenakan beban fatik.Analisa retak dengan pendekatan fracture mechanics atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan beban fatik akibat variasi ketinggian gelombang signifikan (wave height significant) untuk 0.5m, 1.0m dan 1.8m. BS 7910 digunakan sebagai acuan dalam menentukan kriteria cacat yang diperbolehkan baik untuk cacat diluar dinding pipa (external flaw) dan cacat didalam dinding pipa (internal flaw), dimana kedalaman cacat disimulasikan dari kedalaman (a) 1mm – 3mm.Dari hasil analisa ditemukan bahwa panjang cacat (2c) yang diperbolehkan mengalami penurunan sebesar 12.7% - 25.0% dari ketinggian gelombang 0.5m ke 1.8m untuk cacat diluar dinding pipa, sementara untuk cacat didalam pipa ditemukan bahwa panjang cacat (2c) yang diperbolehkan mengalami penurunan sebesar 5.9% - 13.6% dari ketinggian gelombang 0.5m ke 1.8m. Hasil ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi kontraktor instalasi pipa bawah laut untuk melakukan sensitivitas beban fatik dalam optimisasi untuk menentukan cacat yang diperbolehkan berdasarkan aktual beban gelombang yang terjadi.

---

Most of the subsea pipelines in Indonesia are installed using the S-Lay method with pipelay barges equipped with mooring spreads, tensioners, and stingers. During the installation of subsea pipelines, static loads occur due to the pipeline configuration from the firing line of the pipelay barge up to seabed. Where the pipe will experience with axial tension and bending moment in two critical areas, which are overbend and sagbend. In addition, fatigue loads also occur during the installation of subsea pipeline due to environmental loads (i.e., currents and waves). Defects that found after welding will growth due to this fatigue loads.

Crack analysis with a fracture mechanics approach or known as Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) is carried out by considering the fatigue load due to significant wave height variations for 0.5m, 1.0m, and 1.8m. BS 7910 is used as a standard reference in order to determine the allowable defects criteria for an external flaw and internal flaw, where the depth of the defect (a) is simulated from a depth of 1mm – 3mm.

From the analysis found that the allowable defect length (2c) decreased by 12.7% - 25.0% from a significant wave height of 0.5m to 1.8m for an external flaw. While for an internal flaw, it is found that the allowable defect length (2c) decreased by 5.9% - 13.6% from a significant wave height of 0.5m to 1.8m. These results can be used as a basis for subsea pipeline installation contractors to perform fatigue load sensitivity to optimize the allowable defects based on the actual wave load that occurs at site."

"This book provides a concise discussion of fatigue crack growth (FCG) failure and lifing analysis methods for metallic aircraft structures and components. After a reasonably concise historical review, surveys are made of (i) the importance of fatigue for aircraft structural failures and the sources of fatigue nucleation and cracking, (ii) contemporary FCG lifing methods, and (iii) the Quantitative Fractography (QF) required for determining the actual FCG behaviour. These surveys are followed by the main part of the book, which is a discussion, using case histories, of the applicabilities of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and non-LEFM methods for analysing service fatigue failures and full- and sub-scale test results. This discussion is derived primarily from the experiences of the Defence Science and Technology Group in Melbourne, Australia, and the Netherlands Aerospace Centre, Marknesse, the Netherlands."

"This volume contains the proceedings of the XIX International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals, held at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal, 5-7 September 2018. This International Colloquium facilitated and encouraged the exchange of knowledge and experiences among the different communities involved in both basic and applied research in the field of the fatigue of metals, looking at the problem of fatigue exploring analytical and numerical simulative approaches.Fatigue damage represents one of the most important types of damage to which structural materials are subjected in normal industrial services that can finally result in a sudden and unexpected abrupt fracture. Since metal alloys are still today the most used materials in designing the majority of components and structures able to carry the highest service loads, the study of the different aspects of metals fatigue attracts permanent attention of scientists, engineers and designers."