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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang dilakukan di Kecamatan Phatadpaeng, Kota Mae Sod, Provinsi Tak, Thailand. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi kadmium pada air dan tanah pertanian serta pada pemukiman petani dan rumah tangga. Konsentrasi kadmium pada 48 sampel tanah dan air pemukiman petani, 12 sampel rumah tangga, enam sampel tanah pertanian, dan delapan sampel air pertanian ditelusuri menggunakan Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Uji Mann-Whitney U digunakan untuk analisis perbedaan perbedaan konsentrasi kadmium antara tanah pertanian dan tanah pemukiman, air pertanian dan air pemukiman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan secara statistik pada seluruh matriks, namun air dan tanah pertanian menunjukkan konsentrasi tertinggi dibandingkan pemukiman petani dan rumah tangga. Konsentrasi kadmium pada seluruh sampel jauh di bawah nilai batas. Penelitian ini secara jelas memperlihatkan bahwa kondisi tempat bekerja menunjukkan level kadmium yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kondisi tempat tinggal. Penyebab pencemaran ini dapat berasal dari aktivitas di sekitar industri. Oleh karena itu, petani sebaiknya mempertimbangkan pajanan kadmium saat bekerja.

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This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Phatadpadaeng Subdistrict, Mae Sod District, Tak Province, Thailand. This study aimed to determine cadmium concentration in farmland soil and water as well as at the residence of farmers and households. As many as 48 samples of farmers’ residence soil and water, twelve samples of households and six samples of farmland soil and eight samples of farmland water were investigated for cadmium concentration using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the analysis of the difference of cadmium concentration between farmland soil and residence soil, farmland water and residence water. The results showed no statistically difference among all matrixes, however, farmland soil and farmland water showed highest concentration compared to those of resident farmers and households. The cadmium concentrations in all samples were far below the limit values. This study clearly showed that working conditions of farmers demonstrated higher level of cadmium compared to the living conditions. The cause of this contamination might be from the activities of the surroundings industry. Therefore, it would be recommended that farmers should consider for cadmium exposure while working in farm.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The economic conventional wisdom stated by Arthur Lewis in his dual sector theorem says that people that work in the agriculture traditional sector that move out to non agriculture modern sector will be better off due to the modern sector having higher productivity. This also applies to farmland as farmland should be reinvested into capital that gives higher returns. In Indonesia, the number of agriculture workers have continually decreased in the last decade. This process is also accompanied by the decrease of average farmland ownership of households. These two phenomena show that the farmers are completely leaving agriculture sector and in hand with Lewis rsquo s theorem. However, can we guarantee they are better off Observing the last three waves of IFLS Indonesia Family Life Survey and applying the poverty line of 3.2 PPP capita month the writer investigates the factors that influence poverty and welfare dynamics of agriculture household. The writer rsquo s econometric evidence confirms that the movement of agriculture has decreased the probability of poverty and positive effects on welfare only in the early decade 2000 2007. From 2007 2014 and in the long run, the effects of the movement are not significant. On the other hand, farmland ownership continues to have an important role for agriculture households as their main livelihood. Higher Education and agriculture assets show a decrease of probability of being poor. These findings suggest that moving out of agriculture is not the solution to improve farmers well being in the current situation. Keeping farmland ownership, investment in human capital, and modernization of agriculture should be the main focus in agriculture development.

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ABSTRACT
Pemikiran konvensional ekonomi yang dinyatakan oleh Arthur Lewis di dalam teori dual sector-nya mengatakan bahwa orang yang bekerja di sektor pertanian tradisonal yang pindah keluar ke sektor non-pertanian modern akan lebih baik dikarenakan sektor modern memiliki produktivitas yang lebih tinggi. Hal ini juga berlaku terhadap lahan dimana lahan seharusnya diinvestasi ulang menjadi kapital yang memberikan pengembalian yang lebih tinggi. Di Indonesia, jumlah dari pekerja pertanian secara terus-menerus menurun dalam satu dekade terakhir. Proses ini diiringi dengan berkurangnya rata-rata kepemilikan lahan rumah tangga. Kedua fenomena tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa petani sudah benar-benar meninggalkan sektor pertanian sesuai dengan teori Lewis. Namun, apakah dapat dijamin mereka lebih baik? Mengobservasi tiga gelombang IFLS Indonesia Family Life Survey terakhir dan menggunakan garis kemiskinan 3.2 PPP/kapita/bulan, penulis meneliti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dinamika kemiskinan dan kesejahteraan rumah tangga pertanian. Bukti ekonometrika penulis dapat mengonfirmasi bahwa pergerakan keluar dari pertanian mengurangi probabilitas kemiskinan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan hanya pada awal dekade 2000-2007. Dari 2007-2014 dan dalam jangka panjang, efek dari pergerakan keluar pertanian tidak signifikan. Di sisi lain, kepemilikan lahan tetap memiliki peran penting bagi rumah tangga pertanian sebagai sumber mata pencaharian. Pendidikan dan kepemilikan aset pertanian yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan penurunan probabilitas menjadi miskin. Penemuan ini menimbulkan pemikian bahwa keluar dari pertanian bukan solusi yang menjamin kenaikan kesejahteraan petani pada situasi sekarang. Mempertahankan kepemilikan lahan, investasi dalam human capital, dan modernisasi pertanian seharusnya menjadi fokus utama dalam pembangunan pertanian.

Abstrak :
One of the characteristics of Japanese cities is that a lot of farmlands exist in the urban area. In addition, Japanese society is facing the issue of a depopulating society andit is thought that the demand for the urban land use will decrease. So it is necessary to show the direction of efficient utilization of the urban farmland for city planning. This study aims to clarify the amount of stock and the distribution of farmlands in the urban area and to clarify the characteristics of urban farmlands conservation efforts by new utilizations with new entities. The results of this study are as follows: 1) In the Kansai metropolitan area, 8,393 hectares of farmlands exist in 167,805 hectares of the Urbanization Promotion Area and the ratio of the farmland is 5.0%. 2) According to the literature search and the questionnaire survey, 9 types and 268 cases of the new utilizations of urban farmlands were collected in the Kansai metropolitan area. 3) As a result of the direct interview survey or hearing, it was clarified that the understanding offarmers and citizens is a big issue and the role of the intermediary organization is important to entrust the utilization and maintenance of abandoned farmlands by new entities.