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This volume presents a collection of remarkable adaptations to anoxia, observed in protists, fungi, plants and animals. The text presents case studies that provide evidence for controlled beneficial use of anoxia, like organic modification of free radicals, for example.

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PURPOSE: Cold weather exercise is common in many regions of the world; however, it is unclear whether respiratory function and symptom worsen progressively with colder air temperatures. Furthermore, it is unclear whether high-ventilation sport background exacerbates dysfunction and symptoms. METHODS: Seventeen active females (measure of the maximum volume of oxygen [VO(2max)]: 49.6±6.6 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed on different days in random order 5 blinded running trials at 0°C, -5°C, -10°C, -15°C, and -20°C (humidity 40%) in an environmental chamber. Distance, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured within each trial; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% (FEF₂₅₋₇₅), and forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF₅₀) were measured pre- and post-test (3, 6, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). Respiratory symptoms and global effort were measured post-test spirometry. RESULTS: Mean decreases were found in FEV1 (4%-5% at 0°C, -5°C, -10°C, and -15°C; 7% at -20°C). FEF₂₅₋₇₅ and FEF₅₀ decreased 7% and 11% at -15°C and -20°C, respectively. Post-exertion spirometry results were decreased most at 3 to 6 minutes, recovering back to baseline at 20 minutes. Respiratory symptoms and global effort significantly increased at -15°C and -20°C with decreased heart rate. High-ventilation sports decreased function more than low-ventilation participants but had fewer symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that intense exercise at cold air temperatures up to -20°C is achievable; however, greater effort along with transient acute bronchoconstriction and symptoms of cough after exercising in temperatures colder than -15°C are likely. It is recommended that individuals cover their mouth and reduce exercise intensity to ameliorate the effects of cold weather exercise.

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Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the 2018 SEM Annual Conference& Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the second volume of eight from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Experimental Mechanics, including papers in the following general technical research areas: Characterization Across Length Scales, Extreme Environments & Environmental Effects, Soft Materials, Damage, fatigue and Fracture, Inhomogeneities & Interfaces, Viscoelasticity, & Research in Progress.

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Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 6 of the Proceedings of the 2018 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the sixth volume of eight from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including: - Novel Experimental Methods - Extreme Environments - Interfacial Fracture - Integration of Models & Experiments - Mechanics of Energy & Energetic Materials - Integration of Models & Experiments - In Situ Techniques for Fatigue & Fracture Microscale & Microstructural Effects on Mechanical Behavior