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Abstrak :
This paper discusses mobility pricing concepts from viewpoint of ecological targets and sustainable development. The current Finnish mobility pricing system is used as a starting point, and then proceeding along the lines of discussion towards its strengths and weaknesses with regard to environmental policy agenda. Since the Finnish practice has a long tradition of internalizing the external costs of ecological and environmental costs, it serves as a good spring board towards eco-pricing. If eco-pricing would be adopted, there would be necessary economic trade-offs. Hence, the question turns into political and social one: how much are we willing to pay for ecological mobility? The technological issues are considered in the end, as eco-pricing will require the employment of different technologies. However, the technological challenges are probably easier to tackle than the political, social and institutional ones. Finally, some aspects of advanced vs. developing economies are discussed.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Beberapa tahun terakhir ini, Jakarta telah berkembang sangat cepat di mana salah satu konsekuensinya adalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang memerlukan suatu sistem pendukung yang seimbang untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Salah satu kebutuhannya adalah suatu sistem transportasi yang handal untuk memungkinkan tingkat mobilitas yang tinggi, di samping tersedianya fasilitas yang memadai. Salah satu pemecahan masalah yang selama ini dilaksanakan adalah pengemba.ngan prasarana jalan baru yang mencapai kurang dari 4% per tahun dibandingkan dengan laj u pertumbuhan kendaraan antara 14-15% per tahun. Sementara itu perkembangan daerah Perumahan/pemukiman yang kurang terkendali dan makin jauh dari pusat kegiatan kota, akan meningkatkan pula kebutuhan akan sarana dan prasarana transportasi untuk memungkinkan terjadinya mobilitas yang dapat mendukung kegiatan penduduk Kota. Kegiatan transportasi tersebut, telah menjadi sebab utama pencemaran udara dan sumber bising di wilayah-wilayah tertentu di Jakarta, begitu pula, kerapatan kendaraan di Jakarta dikuatirkan telah melampaui daya dukung jalan-jalan, yang ada, yang mana telah menambah tingkat pencemaran udara dan kebisingan di sa.mping menimbulkan kemacetan lalu lintas yang menyebabkan waktu per.jalanan menjadi lebih panjang. Hal-hal tersebut telah menyebabkan timbulnya masalah eksternalitas berupa beban sosial yang harus ditanggung oleh warga kota terutama masyarakat sepanjang koridor jalan dan pemakai jalan. Eksternalitas akibat transpartasi darat yang penting sehubungan dengan: - menurunnya kualitas udara - tingkat kebisingan- - kemacetan lalulintas - kecelakaan. Di pihak lain, masyarakat sepertinya belum memperhatikan masalah eksternalitas ini serta belum menyadari. dampak kegiatan transportasi ini. Kajian ini berusaha untuk mengetahui : 1. Apa anggapan masyarakat terhadap dampak pencemaran dan eksternalitas oleh kegiatan transportasi darat 2. Gambaran tentang eksternalitas tersebut Lokasi penelitian dipilih koridor jalan di daerah Senin, mewakili daerah kegiatan campuran. Tebet, mewakili daerah perumahan. Bunderan Hotel Indonesia-Sudirman. Dipilihnya daerah tersebut, karena daerah-daerah tersebut merupakan daerah padat penduduk dan merupakan pusat kegiatan masyarakat di samping sebagai moda tranportasi berlalulalang. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan menggunanan cara pengambilan sampel acak sederhana. Untuk permasalahan tanggapan masyarakat terhadap dampak dan eksternalitas, data dikumpulkan dari responden melalui wawancara yang berpedoman pada daftar pertanyaan yang terstrutur, sedangkan data lain sehubungan dengan kualtas lingkungan serta tataruang, diperoleh melalui pengamatan dan pengukuran di lapangan, maupun mengumpulkan data sekunder. Data kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan statistik. Beberapa pendekatan digunakan untuk memperhitugnakn eksternalitas. Kesimpulan yang didapat melalui penelitian ini: a. Tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap masalah eksternalitas masih rendah sehingga dalam beberapa hal sulit menentukan besarnya biaya sosial. b. Biaya sosial (eksternalitas) yang ditimbulkan oleh kegiatan transportasi adalah cukup besar. Manfaat dari penelitian ini, adalah untuk memahami tingkah laku masyarakat sehubungan dengan masalah pencemaran kegiatan transportasi dan mengetahui besarnya eksternalitas yang ditimbulkan oleh kegiatan transportasi.

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ABSTRACT Jakarta has been recently developed in rapid speed that consequently the increased population requires a. balance support system to fulfill the human need. One of the need is a transportation system to enable a high mobility beside a feasible residence. An alternative has been performed so far led to the transportation infrastructure development at ± 4% growth rate per annum compared with the growth of the motorized vehicles at 14%-15% per annum. Meanwhile, the residential area were uncontrolled developed being far from public activity center which will generate demand of transportation system to accommodate the arisen need of mobility supporting the residents activity. The transportation activity has been a major source of air pollution and noise in the certain region of Jakarta. The motorized vehicles density was said had been exceed the existing road capacity which increase the degree of noise and air pollution, beside the occurrence of traffic jam else where that caused a travelers losing times due to the longer travel time. Those condition, arisen a problem called externality in which the citizen especially people who stay along the highway corridor and the road users suffer and share the social cost due to exposing to the polluted environment. It is said that the essential externalities due to the land transportation are of: - degradation of air quality - noise level - traffic jam - traffic accidents On the other hand, it seems the public do not really concern with the externalities, they might: do not realize that is the impact of the transportation activities. This study is trying to understand 1. The public reaction or conception against the pollution impacts and the externalities born by the land transportation activity 2. What the figure of the externalities is The study took place along the highway corridor at around Senen which represent the mix--used area., Tebet represent residential area and Bunderan Hotel I ndones i a, Sudirman. Such the location were chosen for the reasons of they were a public activities central, besides, various transportation modes passing through. The primary data were collected by mean of drawing simple random sample. I n case for the issue of public response against the pollution and its externalities, the data were collected by inter-viewing the people based on a list of structured questionnaire while .the others related with the environmental quality such as the air quality and the spatial plan such as the land use configuration, were provided by measurement, observation at site and collecting secondary data. The data were statistically analyzed adopting description method, some approach applied in calculating the externalities. The study concluded : 1. The public knowlwdge on externalities is still at a low level that makes difficulties to predict what the social cost of certain impact is. 3. Externatilities arises from the land transportation activity are financially significat in amount.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
In his 100 days of leadership, Governor Anies issued a policy of closing one of the roads for the street vendor selling area (PKL), which led to pros and cons. The Jatibaru Raya road closure policy is seen as a step towards the realization of Anies campaign promise to establish 200,000 UMKM during the DKI Jakarta Election in 2017. Deeply examined by the externality model of neo classical economics, the third party who is disadvantaged from the road closure policy is Block G traders, pedestrians, and city transport drivers. These problems are examined using the externality model of the neo classical economic theory. The externality model is a model that views the impact (of transactions) of a third party (who does not participate in a transaction) in an agreement made between the first party and the second party. This research is about to answer the reasons why Governor Anies issued a policy on managing the Blok G Tanah Abang Market by closing one of the Jatibaru Raya Road segments and who benefited from the management policy of the Blok G Tanah Abang Market and which parties were disadvantaged for the implementation of the policy. In establishing the policy, Governor Anies reasoned to accommodate the street vendors so that the disadvantaged parties emerged from the policy so that Governor Anies was deemed to have mal administrated the Ombudsman, one of which was by violating Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Salah satu tujuan pembangunan milenium dari tahun 1990 sampai dengan 2015 adalah mengurangi tingkat kematian balita hingga dua per tiga. Sampai dengan saat ini, Indonesia telah berada pada jalur yang tepat dalam mencapai target tersebut. Akan tetapi, perkembangan yang lambat pada penurunan kematian bayi menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan perhatian lebih untuk meningkatkan keselamatan pada bayi usia muda. Termotivasi oleh kondisi tersebut, penelitian ini hendak mengidentifikasi determinan kematian bayi di Indonesia pada tahun 1997 sampai dengan 2012 menggunakan data Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) periode ke 4, 5 dan 6. Disamping itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi eksternalitas yang dapat diperoleh dari investasi pada pendidikan ibu, sarana dan prasarana yang memadai pada sumber air minum dan sanitasi, serta vaksinasi anak di lingkungan sekitar rumah tangga. Kerangka konseptual dari penelitian ini didasarkan pada kerangka teoritis Mosley dan Chen (1984). Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi logistik untuk mengestimasi pengaruh dari berbagai macam faktor yang mempengaruhi kematian bayi. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa faktor bio-demografis, yakni karakteristik ibu dan anak adalah faktor kunci dalam memprediksi kematian bayi di Indonesia. Bayi berjenis kelamin pria, anak kembar, ibu dengan tingkat kelahiran tinggi, jarak kelahiran yang pendek antar bayi, usia ibu diatas 35 tahun, dan komplikasi kehamilan merupakan faktor-faktor yang terbukti berhubungan positif dengan kematian bayi. Faktor perilaku antara lain institusi kelahiran, pengetahuan tentang cairan rehidrasi oral, dan praktek kontrasepsi merupakan faktor-faktor penting yang memiliki hubungan negatif dengan kematian bayi. Selain itu, higienitas pada tempat tinggal seperti ketersediaan sumber air minum yang bersih, kepemilikan toilet pribadi, dan penggunaan material lantai yang lebih baik juga merupakan faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan status ketahanan hidup bayi di Indonesia. Beberapa variabel sosio ekonomis juga terbukti merupakan determinan penting dari tingkat kematian bayi di Indonesia. Diantara berbagai jenis faktor tersebut, jumah anggota rumah tangga merupakan faktor yang memiliki keterkaitan yang paling kuat dengan kematian bayi. Pada level komunitas, regional Sumatra dan Kalimantan pada periode 2012 memiliki tingkat keterjadian kematian bayi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan regional Jawa dan Bali sedangkan regional Sulawesi pada periode 2007 memiliki tingkat keterjadian kematian bayi yang lebih tinggi. Lebih lanjut, penelit ian ini menemukan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat pada program imunisasi pemerintah nasional memberikan efek eksternalitas yang positif pada tingkat ketahanan hidup bayi di Indonesia

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ABSTRACT Reduction of under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 is a Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Indonesia has been on track in achieving the MDG target on under-five mortality. However, slower progress on infant mortality reduction shows that more attention should be given in order to improve the survival of younger children. Motivated by this situation, this study attempts to identify determinants of infant mortality in Indonesia between 1997 and 2012 using the 4th, 5th and 6th rounds of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) data. In addition, the study aims to identify externalities which may be generated by investments in mother’s education, water and sanitation, and child vaccination by a household’s neighbors. The conceptual framework is based on Mosley and Chen (1984). Logistic regressions are used to estimate the effect of a variety of factors on infant mortality. The regression results shows that bio-demographic factors which include child and maternal traits are key predictors of infant mortality in Indonesia. Male sex, birth multiplicity, higher birth rank, shorter birth interval, mother age above 35 years, and complication during pregnancy are positively related to infant mortality. Behavioral practices such as institutional delivery, knowledge of Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS), and especially contraceptive practice are also important factors that negatively related to infant mortality. Moreover, household’s hygiene characteristics such as safe drinking water source, private toilet, and improved flooring materials are also important factors that increase infant survival status in Indonesia. Some socio economic variables are also found to be significant determinants of infant mortality in Indonesia. Among the various factors, the number of household members is the strongest factors related to infant mortality. At the community level, Sumatra and Kalimantan regions in 2012 have lower odds of infant mortality, whereas Sulawesi region in 2007 has higher odds of infant mortality as compare to Java and Bali. Furthermore, the study finds that immunization participation in the community has a positive spillover effect on infant survival status. Relevance to Development Studies Beside economic achievement, the level of development in a country is also reflected in the health status of its people. Several health indicators, including mortality rate in young children, have been used by the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) as measurements of poverty. The literature suggests that the high numbers of Child Mortality Rate (CMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) exist in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs). Indonesia, a middle income country in South East Asia has been successful in reducing child mortality, but has not yet made enough progress in reducing infant and neonatal mortality. Situation analysis is needed to identify factors which may provide insights on how greater progress may be achieved. , Reduction of under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 is a Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Indonesia has been on track in achieving the MDG target on under-five mortality. However, slower progress on infant mortality reduction shows that more attention should be given in order to improve the survival of younger children. Motivated by this situation, this study attempts to identify determinants of infant mortality in Indonesia between 1997 and 2012 using the 4th, 5th and 6th rounds of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) data. In addition, the study aims to identify externalities which may be generated by investments in mother’s education, water and sanitation, and child vaccination by a household’s neighbors. The conceptual framework is based on Mosley and Chen (1984). Logistic regressions are used to estimate the effect of a variety of factors on infant mortality. The regression results shows that bio-demographic factors which include child and maternal traits are key predictors of infant mortality in Indonesia. Male sex, birth multiplicity, higher birth rank, shorter birth interval, mother age above 35 years, and complication during pregnancy are positively related to infant mortality. Behavioral practices such as institutional delivery, knowledge of Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS), and especially contraceptive practice are also important factors that negatively related to infant mortality. Moreover, household’s hygiene characteristics such as safe drinking water source, private toilet, and improved flooring materials are also important factors that increase infant survival status in Indonesia. Some socio economic variables are also found to be significant determinants of infant mortality in Indonesia. Among the various factors, the number of household members is the strongest factors related to infant mortality. At the community level, Sumatra and Kalimantan regions in 2012 have lower odds of infant mortality, whereas Sulawesi region in 2007 has higher odds of infant mortality as compare to Java and Bali. Furthermore, the study finds that immunization participation in the community has a positive spillover effect on infant survival status. Relevance to Development Studies Beside economic achievement, the level of development in a country is also reflected in the health status of its people. Several health indicators, including mortality rate in young children, have been used by the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) as measurements of poverty. The literature suggests that the high numbers of Child Mortality Rate (CMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) exist in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs). Indonesia, a middle income country in South East Asia has been successful in reducing child mortality, but has not yet made enough progress in reducing infant and neonatal mortality. Situation analysis is needed to identify factors which may provide insights on how greater progress may be achieved. ]