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Abstrak :
Energi listrik merupakan salah satu infrastruktur yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak, oleh karena itu sudah seharusnya eketersediaan energi listrik terjamin dengan jumlah yang cukup dengan mutu yang baik dan harga yang wajar. Pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional menyebabkan konsumsi listrik setiap tahunnya terus meningkat. Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan energi dan maraknya isu mengenai permasalahan lingkungan membuat para ahli terus mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat agar dapat mengatasi kedua masalah tersebut. Sistem PLTP siklus biner merupakan salah satu teknologi pembangkit yang sangat efektif untuk diterapkan dalam pemanfaatan energi panas bumi skala kecil enthalpy rendah sampai menengah dengan menggunakan fluida kerja yang memiliki titik didih lebih rendah daripada air, oleh karena itu maka pada tesis ini dilakukan suatu pemodelan sistem PLTP siklus biner dengan memanfaatkan waste brine dengan temperatur 180 0C pada wellpad 4 PLTP Dieng. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Matlab dan REFPROP, kemudian dilakukan optimasi terhadap sistem dimana exergy destruction total dan total annual cost dipilih sebagai fungsi objektif. Adapun optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan multi objective genetic algorithm. Berdasarkan simulasi diketahui bahwa efesiensi exergi dan nilai ekonomis dari sistem PLTP siklus biner yang optimal adalah pada temperatur evaporasi sebesar 163,3 oC, temperatur brine keluar preheater sebesar 130 0C, temperatur air pendingin keluar kondenser sebesar 35,4 0C, tekanan kerja fluida kerja keluar pompa sebesar 3859 kPa dengan campuran refrigeran 86 R601 dan 14 R744 menghasilkan daya turbin sebesar 119,8 kW nilai exergy destruction total 742,4 kW dengan efesiensi exergy sebesar 48,8 dan total annual cost sebesar 36.723 US dollar.Kata kunci : PLTP siklus biner, efesiensi exergi, exergy destruction , cost, genetic algorithm. ......Electrical energy is one of the important part of human life, so the provision of electrical energy must be able to guarantee the availability of sufficient quantity, reasonable price and good quality. Indonesia rsquo s electricity consumption every year continues to increase in line with the increase of national economic growth. The increasing demand on energy and environmental issues make the experts to develop the right technology in order to face both issues. PLTP binary cycle is a highly effective generating technology to be applied in the utilization of small scale enthalpy low to medium geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water, hence in this thesis a PLTP binary system model was performed using waste brine with temperature of 180oC at wellpad 4 in PLTP Dieng. Modeling has been done by using Matlab and REFPROP software, then optimization procedure has been conducted to the system where total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective function. In addition, environmental aspects are also considered in this modeling where natural environmentally friendly working fluids are used. The optimization is done by using multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of PLTP system has an optimum condition at the evaporation temperature of 163.3 oC, the brine temperature out the preheater of 130 oC, the condenser coolant outlet temperature of 35.4 oC, the outlet pump pressure at 3859 kPa with composition of refrigeran mixture 86 R601 and 14 R744, turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW with exergy efficiency of 48.8 , and total annual cost about 36.723 US dollars.

Abstrak :
The performance of a 20 MW gas turbine power plant was described by using the exergy analysis and data from the plant?s record books. The first and second laws of thermodynamics, as well as the mass and energy conservation law, were applied in each of the components. The results show that more exergy destruction occured in the combustion chamber up to 71.03% or 21.98 MW. Meanwhile, the lowest exergy occured in the compressor at 12.33% or 3.15 MW. Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant, according to the first law, was 33.77%, and exergy efficiency was 32.25%.

Abstrak :
The increasing demand for energy and the current environmental issues are motivating experts to develop appropriate technology to face both problems. The binary cycle system is a highly effective generating technology which can be applied in the utilization of small-scale geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water. In this paper, a geothermal power plant binary cycle system model was tested by using waste brine at a temperature of 180oC at well pad 4 of the Dieng geothermal power plant. In the optimization procedure, total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective functions. Optimization is made by using a multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation, it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of the geothermal power plant system has optimum conditions at an evaporation temperature of 163.3oC, a brine temperature in the preheater outlet of 130oC, and a water cooling temperature at condenser outlet of 35.4oC. The working fluid pressure at pump outlet is 3859 kPa with the composition of the working fluid mixture being 86% R601 and 14% R744, resulting in turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW, and a total annual cost of 36,723 US dollars. These results indicate that, by setting the above operating conditions, the system can achieve optimum efficiency, as indicated by the minimum values of both exergy destruction and total annual cost.

Abstrak :
The performance of a 20 MW gas turbine power plant was described by using the exergy analysis and data from the plant’s record books. The first and second laws of thermodynamics, as well as the mass and energy conservation law, were applied in each of the components. The results show that more exergy destruction occured in the combustion chamber up to 71.03% or 21.98 MW. Meanwhile, the lowest exergy occured in the compressor at 12.33% or 3.15 MW. Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine power plant, according to the first law, was 33.77%, and exergy efficiency was 32.25%.

Abstrak :
Dalam rangka upaya memenuhi target pemerintah yaitu pengembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi PLTP pada tahun 2025 ditargetkan sebesar 7.242 MW, maka tentu saja akan diperlukan data tentang desain PLTP yang paling optimal yang dapat diterapkan pada seluruh kondisi sumber panas bumi. Dengan demikian, diperlukan panduan desain yang dibuktikan secara ilmiah untuk pembangunan PLTP. Dalam dekade terakhir ini, banyak peneliti yang menganalis atau merancang sistem energi dengan menggabungkan antara analisis energi, exergy dan thermoekonomik. Hal ini dimaksudkan dalam upaya peningkatan efisiensi serta mengurangi kerugian-kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh ketidakefisienan sistem. Melalui analisa yang komprehensif dengan menggabungkan analisa energi, exergy, exergoeconomics serta exergoenvironment, maka diharapkan dapat menjadi panduan desain yang paling optimum dengan mempertimbangkan segala aspek, baik aspek teknologi, ekonomi dan lingkungan yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk berbagai kondisi sumber panas bumi di Indonesia. Untuk itulah pada disertasi ini dilakukan analisa dan optimasi 3E exergy,economic,environment. Pemodelan dan optimasi sistem PLTP dilakukan menggunakan software EES dan diintegrasikan dengan MATLAB. Dari hasil analisis 3E, dapat diketahui bahwa komponen seperti turbin dan cooling tower merupakan komponen yang menyumbang nilai exergy destruction, total cost dan exergoenvironment yang paling besar dibandingkan komponen lainnya. ......In order to reach the government 39;s target of building geothermal power plant PLTP in 2025 of 7,242 MW, then it will need data about the most optimal PLTP design that can be applied to all geothermal conditions. Thus, the design required for the construction of PLTP. In the last decade, many researchers have analyzed and discussed energy systems with energy, exergy and thermoeconomic analyzes. This is necessary in an effort to increase and reduce the losses caused by system inefficiencies. Through a comprehensive analysis with energy analysis, exergy, exergoeconomics and exergoenvironment, it is expected to be the most optimal design with good aspects, economics and environment that can be used for various geothermal conditions in Indonesia. For analysis, it was conducted 3E exergy, economy, environment analysis on this dissertation. By using EES software and integrated with MATLAB, the PLTP system can be modeled and optimized. From the results of 3E analysis, it can be seen that components such as turbines and cooling towers are the components that contribute the largest value of total exergy destruction, total cost and exergoenvironment compared to other components.

Abstrak :
Studi ini menyajikan metode analisis eksergi, dengan melakukan pengambilanserta perhitungan data untuk menara pendingin di pabrik urea Pusri I-B. Studi ini bertujuanmenganalisis kinerja menara pendingin dengan mengkaji besarnya irreversibilitas danefisiensi eksergi. Dari hasil penelitian di dapat irrevesibilitas dari proses pendinginan dimenara pendingin selama 24 jam bervariasi antara 614,09 kW hingga 731,202 kW. Dimanapada pukul 21:00 irreversibilitas terendah dan pukul 15.00 irrevesibilitas tertinggi yaitusebesar 614,09 kW dan 731,202 kW. Nilai efisiensi eksergi diketahui antara 41,12% sampai59,04%.Kata kunci: menara pendingin, irreversibilitas, efisiensi eksergi.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK PT. X telah melakukan studi kelayakan untuk rencana konversi dengan penggunaan 60 bahan bakar LNG pada salah satu lini kapalnya dengan trayek Tanjung Priok ndash; Makassar dengan memanfaatkan LNG Isotank tipe T75 ukuran 20 kaki 1 TEU , namun hanya terbatas pada kajian secara ekonomis. Untuk melakukan verifikasi bahwa rencana konversi ini benar-benar menguntungkan, penulis merasa perlu untuk melakukan kajian dari sudut pandang akademis, khususnya analisis karakteristik exergy fisik yakni laju perpindahan dan penghancuran exergy melalui dinding tangki akibat perpindahan kalor, serta karakteristik boil-off rate BOR dan boil-off gas BOG dari LNG yang dimuat, dilakukan dengan pendekatan closed system exergy balance dengan parameter kondisi pelayaran yang telah ditentukan, menggunakan persamaan empiris dari literatur dan model fisik dari tiga opsi tangki yang ditawarkan, dirancang dengan menggunakan COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1. Hasil analisis menunjukkan hubungan berkorelasi positif antara laju penghancuran exergy dengan nilai BOR dan BOG, bergantung pada nilai hambatan termal total Rtot akibat variasi material kulit dan insulasi dinding tangki yang mempengaruhi nilai kebocoran panas heat leak pada permukaan dalam dan luar dinding tangki. Skala kualitas disajikan di akhir pembahasan untuk meringkas parameter analisis yang bisa diukur dengan harga, yakni exergy cost dan biaya pengoperasian yang diperlukan forced vaporizer untuk mencapai BOR yang dibutuhkan.

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ABSTRACT
PT. X has conducted a feasibility study for conversion plans with the use of 60 LNG fuel on one of its ship lines with Tanjung Priok Makassar route using LNG Isotank type T75 size 20 feet 1 TEU , but only limited to economical study. To verify that the conversion plan is really profitable, analysis of physical exergy characteristics i.e. the rate of exergy transfer and destruction through tank wall due to heat transfer, boil off rate and boil off gas from stored LNG is conducted by a closed system exergy balance approach with specified shipping conditions parameters, using the empirical equations of the literature and physical model of the three tank options offered, designed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1. The results show a positive correlation between exergy destruction rate with BOR and BOG values, depending on the total thermal resistance value Rtot due to material variation of shell and insulation of tank wall affecting the value of heat leak on the inner and outer surface of the tank wall. Quality scale is presented to summarize the analysis parameters that can be measured by cost, i.e. the exergy cost and operating costs required by forced vaporizer to achieve the required BOR.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tulisan ini membahas ruang lingkup tahapan pemisahan (distilasi), sebagai tahapan yang penting dalam pemisahan komponen agar mendapatkan komponen yang murni. Dalam tahapan distilasi ini, terjadi perbedaan yang dipengaruhi oleh tekanan, temperatur, konsentrasi, dan kecepatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa nilai kehilangan eksergi di setiap tray pada konfigurasi tertentu dari setiap pemisahan multikomponen. Komponen yang dipisahkan dari kilang LNG berupa metana, etana, propana, n-butana, i-butana dan i-pentana. Data eksperimen khususnya komposisi untuk komponen yang dipisahkan tersebut diperoleh dari penelitian sebelumnya. Metode perhitungan yang digunakan mengacu pada penelitian sebelumnya. Konfigurasi pemisahan komponen berdasarkan titik didih menghasilkan exergy loss sebesar 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkan untuk kondensor sebesar US$ 6.892.639 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 11.054. Konfigurasi pemisahan komponen berdasarkan fraksi terbesar menghasilkan exergy loss sebesar 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkan untuk kondensor sebesar US$ 6.898.806 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 19.382. Konfigurasi pemisahan komponen berdasarkan equimolar menghasilkan exergy loss sebesar 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkan untuk kondensor sebesar US$ 6.900.682 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 21.939.Semakin kecil nilai exergy loss akan semakin kecil pula utility cost yang dibutuhkan.

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ABSTRACT
This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too., This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as an important stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a pure component. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected by pressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on the simulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration for multicomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant are methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment datafor composition of the separated components written by previous researcher. The method is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separation by boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054. Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergy loss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806 and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation by equimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the value of exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.]

Abstrak :
Excellence in skilled operation is vital for the efficiency of geothermal power plants. Mount Salak geothermal power plant unit 1-2-3 has consistently produced no less than 180 MWe to the Java-Bali grid since its first commercial operation in 1994, with an equivalent availability factor (EAF) average of 96%. Owing to this long operation period, power plant efficiency must be improved for the sustainable production of electricity. In this study, energy and exergy analysis has been undertaken to ascertain the amount of energy that is used in the power plant’s current condition, and to determine the plant’s overall system losses. Research was carried out by collecting data relating to temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate. Data were analyzed using the control volume to assess the thermal and mass balance and ascertain the value of exergy. Analysis was conducted theoretically and compared with results calculated by Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. The results showed that from 1069.90 MWe in steam energy entering the system, the total amount of exergy was 302.42 MWe. Mount Salak geothermal power plant unit 1-2-3 had an overall first law efficiency of 16.75% and an overall second law efficiency of 59.27%. The greatest losses - 27.84% of the total exergy - were in the condensers. This was caused by the quality of cooling water entering condensers, which was in turn a result of cooling tower performance. Results suggest that turbine unit 1 should be investigated further to determine causes of decreased capacity.