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"The treaty establishing a constitution for Europe is supposed to be the end of a long journey of the European Union establishing an integrated Europe,which was started in 1951 with the establishment of the European coal and still community and recently accomplised with the treaty of nice in 2001. The constitutional treaty is to supply and the existing, treaties, except for the Euratom. The treaty consists of 4 4 parts,sub-divided into 448 paragraphs, 36 protocols,2 annexes and 48 declarations, 852 pages all. It has been signed by 25 heads of states and governments in october 2004.Thirteen member countries have ratified the treaty. The french non and the dutch nee in mid.2005 created a rafication crisis, which resulted in the ratification process being postponed. The Europen union decided to "retreat", to open a period of reflection evaluate its future, since those countries which have not yet ratified... will be unable to furnish a clear reply be fore mid-2007". It will be in the EU agenda for some time to come. A number of proposals to solve the issues have been submitted."

"The result of the UK referendum in June 2016 on membership of the European Union had immediate repercussions across the UK, the EU and internationally. As the dust begins to settle, attention is now naturally drawn to understanding why this momentous decision came about and how and when the UK will leave the EU. What are the options for the new legal settlements between the UK and the EU? What will happen to our current political landscape within the UK in the time up to and including its exit from the EU? What about legal and political life after Brexit? Within a series of short essays, Brexit Time explores and contextualises each stage of Brexit in turn: pre-referendum; the result; the process of withdrawal; rethinking EU relations; and post-Brexit. During a time of intense speculation and commentary, this book offers an indispensable guide to the key issues surrounding a historic event and its uncertain aftermath."

"Perkembangan artificial intelligence serta implementasi komersialnya yang cepat telah menghasilkan banyak manfaat dan nilai ekonomi bagi produsen dan konsumen di seluruh dunia. Salah satu manfaat tersebut adalah kemampuan bagi perusahaan untuk terlibat dalam penetapan harga yang dipersonalisasi, atau personalized pricing, yang merupakan bentuk strategi first-degree price discrimination yang sangat akurat, di mana perusahaan menetapkan harga yang berbeda untuk setiap pelanggan individu berdasarkan data pribadi mereka dan ditentukan oleh algoritme yang kompleks. Meskipun hal ini juga menghasilkan banyak manfaat yang meningkatkan efisiensi pasar, seperti membebankan harga yang lebih rendah untuk konsumen yang tidak mampu membeli produk tertentu, hal ini juga dapat membebankan harga yang terlalu tinggi kepada konsumen yang oleh algoritme dianggap sesuai untuk mereka. Dengan demikian, penetapan harga yang dipersonalisasi menimbulkan masalah antimonopoli yang serius, karena berpotensi membahayakan consumer welfare. Melalui tinjauan pustaka yang sistematis, makalah penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kelayakan penggunaan Pasal 102 TFEU sebagai alat utama untuk mengatasi potensi dampak merugikan dari penetapan harga yang dipersonalisasi dengan menganggapnya sebagai penyalahgunaan dominasi yang eksploitatif jika dilakukan oleh perusahaan dengan dominasi yang dominan. posisi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hal ini dapat dicapai dengan dua cara, pertama dengan secara eksplisit menangani pembebanan harga yang berlebihan sebagai pengenaan “harga yang tidak wajar”, ​​dan kedua, jika pembebanan harga yang berlebihan dibarengi dengan adanya biaya pencarian dan switching yang tinggi. biaya, maka dapat dianggap sebagai pengenaan "kondisi perdagangan yang tidak adil" oleh perusahaan dominan, jika pendekatan pertama tidak cukup untuk campur tangan otoritas persaingan nasional (NCA). Selain itu, makalah penelitian menyarankan alternatif hukum lain untuk Pasal 102 TFEU untuk mengatasi dampak buruk dari personalized pricing.

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The recent acceleration in the development of artificial intelligence and its rapid commercial implementation has yielded a great number of benefits for producers and consumers around the world. One such benefits is the ability for firms to engage in personalized pricing, which is a form of highly accurate first-degree price discrimination strategy, whereby firms charge different prices for each individual customer based on their personal data and determined by complex algorithms. While this, too, yields many benefits in regard to market efficiency, such as charging lower prices for consumers who are otherwise unable to afford certain products, it can also charge excessively high prices to consumers that the algorithms deem to be appropriate for them. Thus, personalized pricing raises serious antitrust concerns, as it may potentially harm consumer welfare.

Through a systematic literature review, this research paper aims to examine the feasibility of using Article 102 TFEU as a key tool for addressing the potential adverse effects of personalized pricing by deeming it an exploitative abuse of dominance if it is conducted by a firm with a dominant position. The results show that this can be achieved in two ways, first by explicitly addressing the charging of excessive prices as an imposition of “unfair prices”, and second, if the charging of excessive prices is coupled with the presence of high search costs and switching costs, then it can be deemed as an imposition of “unfair trading conditions” by the dominant firms, should the first approach not suffice for national competition authorities (NCAs) to intervene. Moreover, the research paper suggests other legal alternatives to Article 102 TFEU to address the adverse effects of personalized pricing."