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"ABSTRAKJumlah kasus kanker paru terus mengalami peningkatan secara global. Disamping kasusnya yang terus bertambah, terapi kanker paru hingga saat ini masih banyak menimbulkan efek samping yang tidak jarang menggangu kualitas hidup pasien. Maka dari itu, skripsi ini mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dan antikanker dari rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Eucheuma spinosum yang berasal dari pantai Labuan Aji, Nusa Tenggara Barat terhadap sel paru A-549.  Pada penelitian ini digunakan empat jenis ekstrak, yakni heksana, kloroform, etil asetat, dan etanol. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH sedangkan untuk aktivitas antikanker dievaluasi dengan metode MTT cell proliferation assay. Masing-masing ekstrak akan dinilai laju inhibisinya dan nilai IC50. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, ekstrak etanol Eucheuma cottonii dengan nilai IC50 35,51 ppm memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang paling poten dibandingkan dengan ekstrak lain yang diuji. Ekstrak etanol E. cottonii juga memiliki aktivitas antikanker terbaik, dengan nilai IC50 54,83 mg/mL. Untuk Eucheuma spinosum, ekstrak etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antikanker yang paling baik, dengan nilai IC50 10,16 mg/mL. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik Eucheuma cottonii maupun Eucheuma spinosum berpotensi sebagai antioksidan alami dan memiliki efek antikanker terhadap sel paru A-549. 

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ASTRACTNumber of people suffering from lung cancer continue to increase globally. Yet, the treatment methods for lung cancer still have many effects that often interfere patients quality of life. Therefore, objective from this paper is to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity from macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, which was taken from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, against A-549 lung cell. This research used four types of extracts, including hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH method. As for anticancer activity was evaluated by MTT cell proliferation assay. Each extracts have its own inhibitory rate and IC50 value. Based on this experiment, ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii with IC50 value 35,51 ppm had the most potent antioxidant activity than other extracts that were tested. Ethanol extract also showed the best anticancer activity with IC50 value 54,83mg/mL. As for Eucheuma spinosum, ethyl acetate extract has the best antioxidant and anticancer activity, with IC50 value 10,16 mg/mL. Thus, it can be concluded that both Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum are potent natural antioxidant and have anticancer effect against A-549 lung cacner cell. "

"One species of the red algae (Rhodophyceae) resulted from carrageenan is Eucgeuma cottonii. This algae is cultured intensively in Madura island espicially in district of Sumenep in village of Pekandangan - Buto. Production of E. cottonii in Sumenep - Madura rised over the last years but extraction of carrageenan has not been performed extensively. Unfortunately, it has been exported to abroad in dried from used as raw materials either food or non food industry. The objective of this research is to stydy the influence of extraction method of carrageenan on its quality. The best carrageenan quality was resulted by the modification of extraction metod by using cold alkali treatment so this method can be considered as alternative methods. The carrageenan quality that serulted from this methods is one the standard suggested by food and agriculture Organization,"

"ABSTRAKEucheuma cottonii memiliki aktivitas antikanker yang cukup aktif. Nilai IC50 terendah dimiliki oleh ekstrak etil asetat dari Eucheuma spinosum. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak etil asetat dari Eucheuma spinosum memiliki potensi sebagai agen antikanker yang paling poten.

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ABSTRACTSeaweed macroalgae, as marine natural products has showed a potent anticancer activity. Therefore, in this research, we analyse the phytochemical content of Eucheuma sp. that came from Labuhan Haji Beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat and its anticancer activity to further develop it as anticancer agent. Method. Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and chloroform extracts of seaweed were tested using Thin Layer Chromatography to the amount of metabolite content of the extract. Finally, the anticancer activity was tested using MTT Assay. The result of this test is expressed in percentage inhibition and IC50 value. Results. Phytochemical analysis showed almost all extracts of Eucheuma spinosum contain flavonoid and triterpenoid. Thin Layer Chromatography showed ethyl acetate and hexane extract have three similar Rf factors that can show that these extracts contain similar metabolites. MTT assays showed that Eucheuma sp. has moderately active anticancer activity. Conclusion. The results of this study show that Eucheuma sp. has moderately active anticancer activity. Ethyl acetate extract of Eucheuma spinosum has the smallest value of IC50. To sum up, ethyl acetate extract of Eucheuma spionosum showed the strongest antiproliferative activity, so this can be one of the most potential anticancer drug."

"Dalam kondisi krisis energi seperti saat ini, pemanfaatan sumber dayayang dapat diperbarui diharapkan dapat membantu pemenuhan kebutuhanenergi. Makroalga merupakan salan satu sumber daya yang dapatdimanfaatkan sebagai penghasil energi alternatif dalam bentuk bioetanol.Pada penelitian ini, dipilih makroalga genus Eucheuma dan Gracilaria karenamemiliki kandungan selulosa serta mudan dan cepat pembudidayaannya.Eucheuma dan Gracilaria dinidrolisis olen jamur Thchoderma viride yangmengnasilkan enzim selulase. Konsentrasi senyawa gula pereduksi yangdinasilkan dari proses nidrolisis ditentukan dengan metode Somogyi Nelson.Gula pereduksi paling tinggi yang dihasilkan dari nidrolisis Eucheuma adalan0,090 mg/mL pada konsentrasi 7,5% dan waktu inkubasi 48 jam, sedangkanpada Gracilaha, gula pereduksi yang dinasilkan sebesar 0,089 mg/mL padakonsentrasi 5% dan waktu inkubasi yang sama. Hidrolisat Eucheuma danGracilaria difermentasi olen sel Saccharomyces cerevisiae yang terimobilisasidalam Ca alginat. Kondisi optimum proses fermentasi diperolen pada pH 4dan waktu inkubasi 24 jam yang mengnasilkan kadar etanol sebesar 0,698%dari nidrolisat Eucheuma dan 0,530% dari Gracilada. Kadar etanol ditentukandengan Gas Chromatography."

"Satelit inderaja oseanografi Aqua MODIS dan altimetri digunakan untuk mempelajari perubahan lingkungan suhu, klorofil-a dan arus permukaan perairan Tarakan terhadap variabilitas ENSO dan Musim, agar diperoleh pemahaman dinamika oseanografi selama perioda El Nino, La Nina, dan Normal, Musim Barat dan Timur. Analisis tingkat kesesuaian lokasi budidaya Eucheuma cottonii menggunakan pengukuran langsung pada 11 stasiun sampling tanggal 11 Juli 2013 di perairan pantai Amal dan Mamburungan, dan P. Sadau dengan parameter suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, turbiditas, pH, nitrat, fosfat, dan kalium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor lingkungan sangat dipengaruhi variabilitas ENSO dan Musim. Perairan timur Tarakan memiliki tingkat kesesuaian lebih tinggi daripada bagian barat. Arus Lintas Indonesia (ARLINDO) mempengaruhi transfer massa air dari kolam panas Pasifik Barat memasuki perairan utara dan barat Tarakan. Analisis tingkat kesesuaian lokasi budidaya dengan metoda equal interval menunjukkan perairan pantai Amal sampai bagian selatan memiliki kesesuaian paling tinggi dan pantai Mamburungan dan P. Sadau dengan kesesuian sedang. Analisis tingkat kesesuaian di perairan Tarakan menggunakan data satelit inderaja memberikan informasi pada perioda El Nino berada di pantai Amal dan Tanjung Simaya; perioda La Nina di Tanjung Simaya dan Juata, perioda Normal di Tanjung Binalatung dan Simaya, Musim Barat di Tanjung Simaya dan Juata, dan Musim Timur di pantai Amal dan Tanjung Selayang.

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Remote sensing oceanography of Aqua MODIS and altimetry have been applied to study environmental changes of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, and surface current in the Tarakan water against ENSO and Monsoon variability in order to know dynamical oceanography during El Nino, La Nina, and Neutral peroid, Northwest monsoon/NW, Southeast monsoon/SE. The suitability level analysis of seaweed cultivation of Eucheuma cottonii used 11 sampling stations on 11 July 2013 in the Amal and Mamburungan beaches and Sadau island with parameters of temperature, salinity, brightness, turbidity, acidity, nitrate, phosphate, and kalium.

The results showed that environmental changes are affected by ENSO and monsoons. The suitability level in the eastern is better than western Tarakan water. The Indonesian throughflow plays important role in transferring water masses from warm pool in western tropical Pacific entering northern and western Tarakan. Analysis of suitability level using equal interval method indicates that from Amal beach to southern part has the highest suitability level while Mamburungan beach to Sadau island are moderate level. The suitability level analysis using satellite oceanography implied potential areas for seaweed cultivation of Eucheuma cottonii in the Amal beach and Cape Simaya during El Nino; Capes of Simaya and Juata during La Nina; Capes of Binalatung dan Simaya during Neutral period; Capes of Simaya and Juata and Amal beach and cape Selayang during Northwest and Southeast monsoon, respectively."

"Kanker serviks merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit kanker dengan prevalensi dan mortalitas yang tinggi di Indonesia. Eucheuma cottonii merupakan salah satu jenis rumput laut yang banyak dijumpai di perairan laut Indonesia dan dapat dikembangkan sebagai agen anti kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi fitokimia dan efek sitotoksik ekstrak makroalga Eucheuma cottonii terhadap sel kanker serviks HeLa yang dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50. Pada penelitian ini, Eucheuma cottonii diekstraksi masing-masing menggunakan pelarut etanol, etil asetat, n-heksana, dan kloroform. Ekstrak yang diperoleh kemudian diuji kandungan fitokimianya, dan menunjukkan hasil positif mengandung flavonoid. Sedangkan analisis kualitatif dengan kromatografi lapis tipis, menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak mengandung tiga hingga lima senyawa kimia. Selanjutnya, masing-masing ekstrak sebanyak 20 L dengan 5 variasi konsentrasi, yaitu 3,125 g/ml; 6,25 g/ml; 12,5 g/ml; 25 g/ml; dan 50 g/m, dimasukkan ke lini sel HeLa yang sudah ditambahkan 100 L DMEM dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Setelah diinkubasi selama 24 jam, dilakukan uji MTT assay dengan panjang gelombang 492 nm. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis sehingga diperoleh nilai IC50 untuk keempat ekstrak Eucheuma cottonii yang diujikan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa keempat ekstrak Eucheuma cottonii memiliki nilai IC50.

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Cervical cancer is one kinds of cancer with high prevalence and mortality in Indonesia. Eucheuma cottonii is one kind of seaweed which is commonly found in Indonesian marine and can be developed as anticancer agent. This research aims to know the phytochemical composition and cytotoxic effect of extract of makroalgae Eucheuma cottonii on HeLa cervical cancer cells that is expressed by IC50 value. In this research, Eucheuma cottonii were extracted each using ethanol, ethyl acetate, n hexane, and chloroform. The obtained extracts were then tested for its phytochemical content, and showed positive result containing flavonoids. While qualitative analysis with Thin Layer Chromatography TLC , showed that the extract contains three to five chemical compounds. Furthermore, 20 L of each extract in five variation of concentration, i.e. 3,125 g ml 6,25 g ml 12,5 g ml 25 g ml and 50 g ml, inserted into the HeLa cell line that has been added 100 L of DMEM and incubated for 24 hours. After 24 hour incubation, MTT assay with a wavelength of 492 nm was performed to generate data which was then analyzed to obtain IC50 value for the four extracts tested of Eucheuma cottonii. The results showed that all four Eucheuma cottonii extract had IC50 values less than 100 g ml, so it can be concluded that all extracts have cytotoxic activity against HeLa cervical cancer cell HeLa. Among four extracts of Eucheuma cottonii, ethyl acetate extract has the lowest IC50 value and shows the most potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. Thus, ethyl acetate extract of Eucheuma cottoniiis potential to be developed as an anticervical cancer agent."

"Latar belakang: Stres oksidatif adalah kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara produksi dan akumulasi radikal bebas di dalam sel dan jaringan terhadap respon tubuh dalam melakukan detoksifikasi produk reaktif melalui sistem antioksidan. Antioksidandapat bersifat endogen dan eksogen, namun seiring bertambahnya usia, terjadi penurunan konsentrasi antioksidan endogen sehingga penting untuk memaksimalkan potensi antioksidan eksogen, yang dapat berasal dari tumbuhan. Indonesia memiliki keragaman hayati yang luas, salah satunya adalah rumput laut atau alga Eucheuma sp., yang mengandung metabolit sekunder dan berpotensi menunjukkan beragam aktivitas biologis. Tujuan: Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Eucheuma sp. Metode: Eucheuma sp. dari Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, dilakukan maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etilasetat, dan etanol secara berurutan, kemudian filtrat diuapkan hingga menjadi ekstrak. Pada ketiga ekstrak dilakukan analisis komposisi fitokimia melalui uji fitokimia, kromatografi lapis tipis, dan penentuan kadar senyawa secara kuantitatif. Selanjutnya, evaluasi aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak etanol Eucheuma sp. ditentukan dengan metode DPPH. Hasil: Ekstrak Eucheuma sp. mengandung senyawa golongan steroid dan triterpenoid pada uji kualitatif fitokimia. Analisis kromatografi lapis tipis menunjukkan total 11 komponen senyawa kimia.Analisis kuantitatif ekstrak etilasetat Eucheuma sp. menunjukkan kadar total fenol sebesar 29,57 mg ekuivalen asam galat/g ekstrak, kadar total flavonoid sebesar 0,54mg ekuivalen quercetin/g ekstrak, dan kadar total triterpenoid sebesar 1,08 mg ekuivalen asam ursolat/g ekstrak. Evaluasi aktivitas antioksidan menunjukka bahwa ekstrak etilasetat memiliki efek antioksidan yang kuat terhadap radikal bebas DPPH dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 27,96 μg/mL. Simpulan: Ekstrak etilasetatEucheuma sp. berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai antioksidan.

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Introduction: Oxidative stress is a condition in which there is an imbalance between production of free radicals and protective response via antioxidant system. There are endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, however as age increases, there is a reduction in endogenous antioxidant thus the need to search for potential exogenous antioxidant which could be derived from plants. Indonesia’s rich biodiversity, one of which is algae/seaweed Eucheuma sp., with its secondary metabolites, shows potential for biological activities. Aims: This study aims to determine the phytochemical constituent and evaluate the antioxidant activity of marine algae Eucheuma sp. Methods: Eucheuma sp. obtained from Lombok, Nusa

Tenggara Barat, were extracted with batch maceration process using three solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol sequentially. Each extract was analysed for its phytochemical constituents using phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatography,

and total phenolic, flavonoid, triterpenoid content. Evaluation of antioxidant activity for ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract were done using DPPH method.

Result: Phytochemical analysis of Eucheuma sp. shows positive result for steroid and triterpenoid qualitatively. Thin layer chromatography analysis shows total of 11 chemical compound. Quantitative analysis shows highest value in ethyl acetate

extract, with its total phenolic content 29.57 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, total flavonoid content 0.54 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, and total triterpenoid content 1.08 mg ursolic acid equivalent/g extract. Ethyl acetate extract with IC50 of 27.96 μg/mL towards DPPH assay shows active antioxidant activity of Eucheuma sp. Conclusion: Ethylacetate extract of Eucheuma sp. obtained from Lombok have a potential to be developed as an antioxidant."

"The rapidly growing demand for petroleum resources has become a crucial global problem. Therefore, a more realistic solution is required for oil production. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has become an essential technique to extract original oil content and maintain oil fields. During this process, certain viscous polymers are commonly used as mobility control agents. In this work, we introduce a new class of polymer to address the limitations of commercial EOR polymers. We successfully extracted kappa-type carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii seaweed using demineralized water and ethanol precipitation. The amount of yield, intrinsic viscosity, and viscosity-average molecular mass of the extracted carrageenan were 18.64%, 12.77 dLg-1, and 4.716×105 gmol-1, respectively. Characterizations were done by dynamic viscosity and rheological measurement, along with a thermal degradation test. The measurements indicated that kappa-carrageenan is an attractive green substitute for polyacrylamide, as it showed relatively high resistance to temperature, shear rate, and salinity compared to polyacrylamide-based commercial EOR polymers. However, a higher concentration of carrageenan is still needed to reach the same viscosity as the commercial polymers."

"Kanker serviks menjadi kanker utama penyebab kematian di Afrika Timur dan Tengah. Terdapat 266.000 kematian tiap tahunnya akibat kanker serviks diseluruh dunia. Sekitar 9 dari 10 wanita di negara berkembang mengalami kematian akibat kanker serviks. Di Indonesia terdapat 91.682 kasus kanker serviks selama kurun waktu 2010 hingga 2013. Alga merah Eucheuma denticulatum yang banyak di temui di perairan Indonesia telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai agen farmatikal, salah satunya sebagai agen antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komponen fitokimia dan mengetahui aktivitas antikanker Eucheuma denticulatum terhadap sel kanker serviks HeLa. Pada penelitian ini, Eucheuma denticulatum diekstraksi menggunakan empat pelarut yang berbeda, yaitu etanol, etil asetat, n-heksana dan kloroform, menghasilkan masing-masing ekstrak etanol, ekstrak etil asetat, ekstrak n-heksana dan ekstrak kloroform Eucheuma denticulatum. Hasil uji fitokimia pada keempat jenis ekstrak Eucheuma denticulatum positif menunjukkan adanya metabolit sekunder. Sedangkan uji kromatografi lapis tipis menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Eucheuma denticulatum ini mengandung 10 komponen senyawa. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji aktivitas antikanker pada keempat jenis ekstrak Eucheuma denticulatum tersebut terhadap sel kanker serviks HeLa dengan menggunakan metode MTT assay, aktivitas antikanker dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50. Hasil uji aktivitas antikanker menunjukkan bahwa keempat ekstrak Eucheuma denticulatum memiliki aktivitas inhibisi terhadap sel kanker serviks HeLa dengan nilai IC50

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Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death in East and Central Africa. There are 266,000 deaths annually from cervical cancer worldwide. About 9 out of 10 women in developing countries die of cervical cancer. In Indonesia there are 91,682 cases of cervical cancer during the period 2010 to 2013. Eucheuma denticulatum red algae that many encountered in Indonesian waters has been known to have activity as a pharmaceutical agent, one of them as an anticancer agent. This study aims to analyze phytochemical components and to know the activity of anticancer Eucheuma denticulatum against cervical cancer cells HeLa. In this study, Eucheuma denticulatum was extracted using four different solvents, ie ethanol, ethyl acetate, n hexane and chloroform, yielding each ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, n hexane extract and chloroform Eucheuma denticulatum extract. The result of phytochemical test on four types of Eucheuma denticulatum positive extract showed secondary metabolite. While thin layer chromatography test showed that this Eucheuma denticulatum extract contains 10 components of compound. Furthermore, the anticancer activity test on all four types of Eucheuma denticulatum extract to cervical cancer cells HeLa by using MTT assay method, anticancer activity expressed with IC50 value. The results of the anticancer activity test showed that the four Eucheuma denticulatum extracts had inhibitory activity against heLa cervical cancer cell with IC50 value "