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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Teknologi bisa memiliki dampak terhadap masyarakat setara dengan pengaruh undang-undang atau kebijakan pemerintah, karena itu keputusan teknis, menurut Andrew Feenberg, harus masuk dalam ranah demokrasi. Yang menjadi perintang demokratisasi teknologi adalah pandangan bahwa pengembangan teknologi sepenuhnya mengandalkan nalar tanpa pengaruh faktor-faktor sosial, sehingga teknologi dianggap mempengaruhi tetapi tidak dipengaruhi nilai dan budaya masyarakat. Kajian teknologi dan pemikiran konstruktivisme sosial membuktikan bahwa teknologi dan masyarakat memiliki hubungan saling mempengaruhi. Feenberg berusaha memadukan esensialisme teknologis dan konstruktivisme sosial dalam teori dua-tingkat. Namun, disertasi ini berargumen bahwa esensialisme teknologis tidak perlu dipertahankan karena peristiwa dekontekstualisasi yang mengambil obyek alam dari konteksnya untuk menjadi obyek teknis tetap mempengaruhi lingkungan manusia, dan dalam reduksionisme yang memangkas sifat-sifat yang tidak diperlukan suatu obyek teknis menghasilkan limbah yang bisa berbahaya bagi manusia. Sebagai gantinya penulis mengajukan teori yang menjelaskan perkembangan teknologi secara serentak dipengaruhi oleh susbistem teknologis, ekonomi dan sosial, yang masing-masing memiliki dualitas struktur-kepelakuan dan semua subsistem ini saling mempengaruhi yang menyebabkan spiral perubahan teknologi, ekonomi dan masyarakat.;

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ABSTRACT
Technology may have a significant impact comparable to the impacts of regulations or policies of a government, therefore technical decision, according to Andrew Feenberg, should belong to the democratic sphere. The constraint to democratization of technology is the thought that technology is fully developed based on reason, without experiencing the influence of social factors. It implies that technology is influencing but not being influence by society. The field of technology studies and social constructivism prove that technology and society are constituting each other. Feenberg has reconciled technological essensialism and social constructivism in his two-level theory. But, the dissertaion argues that we should not keep technological essentialism because the moment of decontextualization, which takes object from its natural context, influences the environment, and the moment of reductionism, which strips technically useless qualities of technical object, disposes wastes that may be harmful to human beings. Therefore the dissertation suggest an alternative theory that explains that the development of technology is simultaneously influenced by technological, economic and social subsystems each of which has the duality of structure-agent and all subsystems are influencing each other which in turn cause the spiral of the development of technology, economy and society;Technology may have a significant impact comparable to the impacts of regulations or policies of a government, therefore technical decision, according to Andrew Feenberg, should belong to the democratic sphere. The constraint to democratization of technology is the thought that technology is fully developed based on reason, without experiencing the influence of social factors. It implies that technology is influencing but not being influence by society. The field of technology studies and social constructivism prove that technology and society are constituting each other. Feenberg has reconciled technological essensialism and social constructivism in his two-level theory. But, the dissertaion argues that we should not keep technological essentialism because the moment of decontextualization, which takes object from its natural context, influences the environment, and the moment of reductionism, which strips technically useless qualities of technical object, disposes wastes that may be harmful to human beings. Therefore the dissertation suggest an alternative theory that explains that the development of technology is simultaneously influenced by technological, economic and social subsystems each of which has the duality of structure-agent and all subsystems are influencing each other which in turn cause the spiral of the development of technology, economy and society, Technology may have a significant impact comparable to the impacts of regulations or policies of a government, therefore technical decision, according to Andrew Feenberg, should belong to the democratic sphere. The constraint to democratization of technology is the thought that technology is fully developed based on reason, without experiencing the influence of social factors. It implies that technology is influencing but not being influence by society. The field of technology studies and social constructivism prove that technology and society are constituting each other. Feenberg has reconciled technological essensialism and social constructivism in his two-level theory. But, the dissertaion argues that we should not keep technological essentialism because the moment of decontextualization, which takes object from its natural context, influences the environment, and the moment of reductionism, which strips technically useless qualities of technical object, disposes wastes that may be harmful to human beings. Therefore the dissertation suggest an alternative theory that explains that the development of technology is simultaneously influenced by technological, economic and social subsystems each of which has the duality of structure-agent and all subsystems are influencing each other which in turn cause the spiral of the development of technology, economy and society]