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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian optimasi citra radiografi dengan phantom rando laki-laki menggunakan sistem FCR type Capsula XL-2 Drypic 4000. Dilakukan juga pengukuran ESD menggunakan thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), untuk pemeriksaan kepala AP, cervical AP, thorax PA teknik kVp standar dan teknik kVp tinggi, dan pemeriksaan pelvis AP. Optimasi pembentukan citra dievaluasi berdasarkan panduan dari European Commission dengan kriteria penerimaannya, kondisi eksposi kVp dan mAs, ESD, kontras tinggi dan kontras rendah. Selain evaluasi visual citra untuk optimasi diperhatikan pula karakter incident exposure FCR yang dinyatakan dengan Sensitivity Value (S Value) dengan proses digitasi citra yang dapat dilihat pada tampilan image consule dan softwere ImageJ. Uji fungsi pesawat sinar-X dilakukan sebelum pelaksanaan penelitian menurut panduan RCWA, dan sistem FCR menurut panduan AAPM dan KCare, dengan hasil, keduanya memenuhi standar yang disyaratkan. Hasil penelitian optimasi menunjukkan bahwa untuk pemeriksaan kepala AP optimasi terjadi pada kondisi eksposi 65 kVp 20 mAs dan ESD 2.67 mGy. Pemeriksaan cervical AP optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 55 kVp 16 mAs dan ESD 2.55 mGy. Untuk pemeriksaan thorax PA teknik kVp standar optimasi terjadi pada 50 kVp 10 mAs dan ESD 2.24 mGy, sedangkan untuk teknik kVp tinggi optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 100 kVp 1 mAs dan ESD 1.75 mGy. Untuk pemeriksaan pelvis AP optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 75 kVp 10 mAs dan ESD 2.24 mGy. ......A research about a radiography image optimization using a male rando phantom by FCR type Capsula XL-2 Drypic 4000 system has been done. Along with ESD measurement using a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), for examination of AP skull, AP cervical, PA thorax use standard kVp technique and high kVp technique, and AP pelvis. The optimization of image formation was evaluated based on guidance from European Commission with their acceptance criterian, the condition of kVp and mAs, ESD, high contrast and low contrast. Beside the image visual evaluation for optimization, the FCR incident exposure was also observed which is stated in Sensitivity Value (S Value) by image digitations process that can be seen at image console and imageJ software. Function test of X-ray device was done before the research based on the RCWA guidance, and FCR system based on the AAPM and KCare guidance, the results, both of them meet the standard. The result of optimization research show that for AP skull examination optimum condition was when the expose 65 kVp, 20 mAs and ESD of 2.67 mGy. For examination of AP cervical optimum condition was when the expose 55 kVp, 20 mAs and ESD 2.67 mGy. For the PA thorax, the optimization of standard kVp technique was when 50 kVp 10 mAs and ESD 2.24 mGy, for the high kVp technique optimization was when expose 100 kVp 1 mAs and ESD 1.75 mGy. And for the AP pelvis, optimization was when 75 kVp 10 mAs and ESD 2.24 mGy.

Abstrak :
Salah satu penyebab kurangnya kesadaran lingkungan adalah ketidakpedulian manusia bahwa pembangunan yang terjadi sekarang berkelanjutan atau tidak. Untuk mencegah berkurangnya fungsi alam, manusia harus mempunyai kesadaran dan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan. Upaya mendukung keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup melalui pendidikan dilakukan oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dengan konsep Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (PPB). Model PPB atau ESD belum banyak dikembangkan untuk mendukung keberlanjutan. Tujuan riset ini adalah memberikan analisis kesadaran lingkungan ditinjau dari lingkungan belajar dalam upaya mewujudkan pembangunan untuk keberlanjutan di Indonesia dengan evaluasi potensi sekolah di Sekolah Menengah Atas penerima Adiwiyata. Wawancara dilakukan kepada 12 guru termasuk pimpinan sekolah, serta dilakukan kuesioner kepada 417 siswa dari dua SMA penerima Adiwiyata di Jakarta. Hasil wawancara menunjukan bahwa sekolah penerima Adiwiyata mempunyai potensi untuk melaksanakan ESD,  namun kesadaran lingkungan di sekolah tersebut belum menunjukkan hasil yang terbaik. Model ESD yang dikembangkan diharapkan mampu mendukung program ESD untuk kehidupan yang keberlanjutan. ......One of the causes of the lack of environmental awareness is human ignorance that the current development is sustainable or not. To prevent the loss of natural functions, humans must have awareness and concern for the environment. Efforts to support environmental sustainability through education are carried out by the United Nations (UN) with the concept of Education for Sustainable Development (PPB). The PPB or ESD model has not developed enough to support sustainability. The purpose of this research is to provide an environmental awareness analysis in terms of the learning environment to realize development for sustainability in Indonesia by evaluating the potential of schools in Adiwiyata recipient high schools. Interviews were conducted with 12 teachers, including school leaders, and conducted questionnaires with 417 students from two Adiwiyata recipient high schools in Jakarta. The interview results show that Adiwiyata recipient schools have the potential to implement ESD, but environmental awareness in these schools has not shown the best results. The ESD model developed is expected to be able to support the ESD program for sustainable living. 

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely used to treat esophageal cancer, but some patients require additional treatment due to the possibility of lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical outcomes of these additional treatments. Methods: The study included 59 patients who developed superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after noncurative ESD treated between 2005 and 2016, of whom 28 underwent esophagectomy and 31 received chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Results: The median follow-up periods were 45 months in the esophagectomy group and 41 months in the CRT group. The overall survival did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.46). However, there were no recurrences in the esophagectomy group, and the disease-specific survival rate was significantly higher in this group (P = 0.042). Among the patients at high risk for recurrence due to massive tumor invasion (≥ SM2) with lymphovascular invasion (esophagectomy group, six patients; CRT group, ten patients), none in the esophagectomy group had recurrence, whereas four in the CRT group died of esophageal cancer (P = 0.031). Conclusion: The overall survival did not differ significantly between the groups. However, compared with CRT, esophagectomy provided more favorable disease control for patients with massive tumor invasion (≥ SM2) with lymphovascular invasion.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan pengukuran Dosis Rata-rata Glandular (Mean glandular Dose) pada pemeriksaan mammografi dengan menggunakan Thermoluminiscense (TLD) terhadap 49 pasien. Dosis yang terbaca pada TLD adalah Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) dengan nilai ratarata yang didapat 7.6 (± 3.9) mGy. Untuk konversi ke nilai Mean Glandular Dose, nilai ESD dikalikan dengan nilai Dgn (ESD dengan faktor konversi average glandular dose per unit exposure) yang terkonversi dengan memperhitungkan prosentase glandular terhadap adipose. Data Dgn diperoleh dari perhitungan John M Boone yang menggunakan metode Monte Carlo yang masih tergantung dari nilai HVL dan ketebalan payudara. Prosentase glandular terhadap adipose dihitung dengan menggunakan metoda analisa film Nooriah Djamal. Kemudian nilai Dgn 0% glandular untuk kontribusi adipose maupun Dgn 100% glandular untuk kontribusi glandular diperoleh dari Tabel Dgn Boone. Nilai MGD yang diperoleh adalah 1.818 (± 0.615) mGy. Nilai masih dibawah limit yang direkomendasikan FDA( Food and Drug Administration) yaitu < 3 mGy.

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Mean glandular Dose (MGD) during mammography has been determined for 49 patients using TLD. MGD numbers has been derived from the measured ESD (Entrance Surface Dose) by multiplicating ESD with converted Dgn (ESD with average glandular dose per unit exposure conversion factor) incorporating the glandular percentage to adipose percentage. Dgn data were obtained from Boone's Monte Carlo calculation and generally is a function of HVL values and breast thickness. The glandular percentage to adipose were obtained using Nooriah Djamal's methods of mammography film analysis Both 0% glandular Dgn for adipose contribution and 100% glandular Dgn for glandular contribution were then obtained from Boone's table. Average Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) for 49 patients were found to be 7.6 (± 3.9) mGy. The average MGD for 49 patients were found to be 1.818 (± 0.615) mGy. These values were generally below the recommended FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) limit of 3 mGy.

Abstrak :
This book describes for readers the protection of electronic hardware in space vehicles from the negative effects of space dust and electromagnetic irradiation. The authors explain the mechanisms of space dust (high velocity particles in space), the effects on the on-board electronic hardware of space vehicles, and development of protection methods from these influences on humans, equipment and microcircuits. Coverage includes hard-to-find technical information on the design of special boosters for accelerating microparticles to space velocities, techniques for conducting experiments on Earth, data processing, and practical examples. The authors also discuss fabrication technologies and composition of special, radio absorbent materials for protecting space vehicles from the electromagnetic irradiation. Provides a single-source reference on the effects on space vehicles of space dust and electromagnetic irradiation; Discusses the design of special boosters for acceleration of micro-particles to space velocities, for experimentation and testing on Earth; Includes information about fabrication technologies and composition of special, radio absorbent materials for protecting space vehicles from the electromagnetic irradiation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, pencitraan sinar-X menggunakan film-screen mulai digantikan oleh digital radiography. Sistem pencitraan digital salah satunya adalah computed radiography (CR). Sejauh ini di Indonesia, perkembangan yang pesat dari CR belum dibarengi dengan penelitian untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum dalam aplikasinya.

Telah dilakukan penelitian di RS X menggunakan CR Agfa tipe PSP MD 4.0 dan fantom Rando Man untuk menentukan optimasi pembentukan citra. Juga dilakukan pengukuran Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) menggunakan thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) dengan berbagai variasi nilai kV. Pemeriksaan yang dipilih adalah kepala PA, thorax PA, dan abdomen AP. Citra fantom dievaluasi berdasarkan panduan dari European Commission dibantu oleh dokter spesialis radiologi. Optimasi citra didasarkan pada nilai kV dengan nilai ESD yang rendah dan hasil evaluasi citra.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk pemeriksaan kepala PA optimasi terjadi pada ESD 3,580 mGy dan 3,834 mGy untuk kondisi 80 kV dan 83 kV dengan 0,224 ? 0,274 mGy/mAs. Untuk pemeriksaan thorax PA teknik kV standar optimasi terjadi pada ESD 1,341 mGy dan 2,378 mGy untuk kondisi 50 kV dan 55 kV dengan 0,134 ? 0,297 mGy/mAs. Sedangkan untuk teknik kV tinggi yang menggunakan 100 kV, optimasi terjadi pada ESD 2,960 mGy dengan 0,947 mGy/mAs. Dan untuk pemeriksaan abdomen AP optimasi terjadi pada ESD 4,090 mGy dan 4,268 mGy untuk kondisi 70 kV dan 80 kV dengan 0,204 ? 0,267 mGy/mAs. Selain nilai kV, optimasi juga mengikutsertakan nilai kontras tinggi dan rendah, serta karakter CR Agfa yang diwakili oleh nilai lgM (log Median).

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Abstract
For the last few decades, X-ray imaging using film screen has been replaced by digital radiography. One of digital imaging systems is computed radiography (CR). So far in Indonesia, the rapid development of CR is not ensued with research to obtain optimum condition in its application.

Has been performed a research in hospital X using Agfa CR Type PSP MD 4.0 and Rando Man phantom to determine optimization of image development. Also conducted measurement of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) for various kV values. The examinations were selected for skull PA, thorax PA, and abdomen AP. Image phantom assessment was carried out using guideliness from European Commission with assistance of radiologist. Optimization of image was done based on kV value with low ESD value and image assessment.

The results showed that for skull PA examination, optimization occured on ESD 3.580 mGy and 3.834 mGy for exposure condition of 80 kV and 83 kV with 0.224 to 0.274 mGy/mAs. For standard kV technique thorax PA examination, optimization occured on ESD 1.341 mGy and 2.378 mGy at 50 kV and 55 kV with 0.134 to 0.297 mGy/mAs. As for the high kV technique of which used a 100 kV, ESD optimization occured at 2.960 mGy with 0.947 mGy/mAs. While for abdomen AP examination, optimization occured on ESD 4.090 mGy and 4.268 mGy for 70 kV and 80 kV with 0.204 to 0.267 mGy/mAs. In addition to values of kV, optimization also included high and low contrast values as consideration and Agfa CR character that was represented by the lgM (log Median) value.