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"Latar belakang: Penyebab stunting bersifat multifaktorial, salah satu faktor risikonya adalah malnutrisi kronis akibat kurangnya asupan protein. Kurangnya asupan protein dapat menyebabkan terjadi penurunan IGF-1, yaitu salah satu faktor pertumbuhan penting dalam pembangunan sel tubuh. IGF-1 juga memiliki peran dalam perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar, terutama pada enamel, akar gigi, dentin, ligamen periodontal, dan jaringan pulpa gigi. Perlu dianalisis apakah gangguan perkembangan kompleks dentoalveolar akibat penuruan kadar IGF-1 pada anak stunting juga mempengaruhi waktu erupsi gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman alur Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, EBSCO, dan Scopus. Penilaian kualitas literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS-2. Hasil: Terdapat 5 studi yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar IGF-1 lebih rendah pada anak stunting dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak normal. Hal ini disebabkan karena kadar IGF-1 dalam darah dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, di antaranya yaitu nutrisi, status gizi, dan usia. IGF-1 yang rendah pada anak stunting berpotensi menyebabkan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu mekanisme persinyalan molekul selama erupsi gigi, seperti BMP-2, Runx-2, dan TGF-. Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi positif antara kadar IGF-1 yang rendah dengan erupsi gigi pada anak stunting. Ekspresi IGF-1 yang rendah dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan waktu erupsi gigi karena mengganggu proses maturasi gigi.

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Background: The causes of stunting are multifactorial, one of the risk factors causing stunting is chronic malnutrition due to lack of protein intake. Lack of protein intake can cause the decrease of IGF-1 level, which is one of the important growth factor supporting the growth and development of somatic cells. Furthermore, IGF-1 also has a role in the development of the dentoalveolar complex, especially enamel, tooth roots, dentin, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp tissues. It should be clarified whether the disturbances of dentoalveolar complex development due to decreased IGF-1 level in the stunted children would also affect the eruption time of the dentition. Objective: To analyze the relationship between IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Methods: Literature researches were done by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines through three electronic databases, which were PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus. Quality assessment of bias was examined using QUADAS-2 tool. Results: There were 5 selected studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that IGF-1 levels were lower in stunted children compared to normal children. The influencing factors of the level of IGF-1 in the blood, are nutritional status and age. Low level of IGF-1 in stunted children has the potential to cause delays in the timing of tooth eruption, by interrupting the activity of BMP-2, Runx-2, and TGF-β. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between low IGF-1 level and the timing of tooth eruption in stunted children. Low IGF-1 expression can cause disturbances in the timing of tooth eruption because it interferes with the dental maturity process."

"Latar Belakang : Stunting merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari malnutrisi kronis yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan yang lebih rendah dari standar tinggi badan untuk usia individu tersebut. Salah satu faktor penyebab stunting adalah kurangnya asupan nutrisi. Kurangnya asupan nutrisi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Berkurangnya asupan nutrisi juga dapat mengganggu proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi yang dapat mempengaruhi watu erupsi gigi. Perlu dilakukan analisis untuk melihat hubungan antara stunting dengan kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi. Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi dengan kondisi stunting. Metode : Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu : PubMed, EBSCO, dan SCOPUS. Kualitas dari literatur dinilai menggunakan QUADAS-2 tool. Hasil : Terdapat 27 artikel yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. 19 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar Hb dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting lebih memungkinkan untuk memiliki kadar Hb yang rendah (anemia). 4 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting memiliki kadar IGF-1 yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak non-stunting. 3 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting mengalami keterlambatan erupsi gigi. 1 artikel menyatakan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara stunting dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi. Kesimpulan : Terdapat korelasi positif antara stunting dengan kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Korelasi antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi belum dapat ditentukan dengan pasti

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Background : Stunting is a manifestation of chronic malnutrition which is characterized by a lower height than the individual's age standard. One of the primary cause of stunting is the lack of nutritional intake. Lack of nutritional intake can cause reduced Hb and IGF-1 levels. Lack of nutritional intake can also interfere with the process of growth and development of the teeth which can affect the timing of tooth eruption. An analysis is needed to see the relationship between stunting and levels of Hb, IGF-1, and the timing of tooth eruption. Objective : To analyze the relationship between Hb levels, IGF-1 levels, and the timing of tooth eruption with stunting. Method : Literature research was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines on three electronic databases, namely: PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS. The quality of the literature was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results : There are 27 articles that were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 19 articles state that there is a relationship between Hb levels and stunting, where stunted children are more likely to have low Hb levels (anemia). 4 article states that there is a relationship between IGF-1 levels and stunting, where stunted children have lower IGF-1 levels compared to non-stunted children. 3 The article states that there is a relationship between stunting and tooth eruption, where stunted children experience delays in tooth eruption. 1 article states that there is no relationship between stunting and dental growth and development Conclusion : There is a positive correlation between stunting and Hb and IGF-1 levels. The correlation between stunting and tooth eruption cannot be determined with certainty."

"Latar Belakang: Prakiraan usia merupakan pemeriksaan forensik untuk identifikasi individu. Tujuan: menganalisis resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi gigi secara radiografis untuk membuat atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 ? 23 tahun. Metode: Desain potong lintang pada 304 subjek radiograf panoramik. Modus tahap dari resorpsi akar, kalsifikasi, dan erupsi setiap kategori usia dijadikan dasar pembuatan atlas. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Atlas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi populasi Indonesia usia 5 - 23 tahun dikonstruksi sesuai dengan usia kronologis populasi Indonesia. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi antara laki-laki dan perempuan serta antara regio kanan dan kiri (p>0.05.

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Background: Age estimation is useful for forensic examination.

Aim: To analyze tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption to develop an atlas of tooth growth and development for Indonesian population age 5-23 years.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 304 panoramic radiographs. Modus stage of tooth root resorption, calcification, and eruption was used to construct the atlas.

Results and Summary: Atlas of tooth growth and development for age 5-23 years was constructed to estimate chronological age in Indonesian population. There was no significant difference of tooth growth and development between female and male and between right and left region (p>0.05)."

"Latar Belakang: Kejadian stunting di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Menurut beberapa penelitian terdahulu, stunting dapat menyebabkan kelainan email dan keterlambatan erupsi gigi permanen. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara status gizi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan pertumbuhan gigi terkait dengan perkembangan email dan erupsi gigi. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasi laboratorium dengan menggunakan 40 sampel saliva yang diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Kelainan email dinilai dengan cara menghitung jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan pada mahkota serta waktu erupsi gigi dinilai dengan menghitung jumlah gigi permanen yang telah erupsi. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Hasil: Kadar IGF-1 saliva pada anak status gizi normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein pada anak status gizi normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Rata-rata jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan mahkota pada anak berstatus gizi normal 2,94 gigi dan pada anak dengan status gizi stunting 1,17 gigi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada jumlah gigi dengan kelainan mahkota antara anak bestatus gizi normal dan stunting (p < 0,05). Rata-rata jumlah erupsi gigi permanen pada anak berstatus gizi normal 8,29 gigi dan pada anak stunting adalah 8,04 gigi. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen antara anak berstatus gizi normal dan berstatus stunting (p > 0,05). Terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,147), korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah kelainan mahkota gigi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,219), terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antar kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,074). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang secara tidak signifikan memiliki kadar IGF-1 saliva lebih rendah dan waktu erupsi lebih lambat dibandingkan anak normal tetapi erlihat frekuensi kelainan email yang lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok sampel demikian, tidak terlihat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi permanen.

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Background: The incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still relatively high when compared to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to several previous studies, stunting can cause enamel defects and delayed tooth eruption. It has been reported that there is a relationship between stunting nutritional status and decreased IGF-1 levels, as well as a relationship between IGF-1 levels to enamel development and tooth eruption. Measurement of IGF-1 levels is usually done using serum IGF-1. Saliva contains biomarkers that is circulating in the blood, including IGF-1, but in much lower quantities. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between IGF-1 levels in saliva with enamel defects and the time of tooth eruption in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: This research was a laboratory observation study using 40 saliva samples taken from stored biological samples from a 2019 study on a population of elementary school students class 1-2 Nangapanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara which has been grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA kit to see the levels of IGF-1. Enamel defects were assessed by counting the number of teeth with crown defects and the time of tooth eruption was assessed by counting the number of erupted permanent teeth. The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software. Result: Salivary IGF-1 levels in children with normal nutritional status were 7.50 ng/ml and 5.64 ng/ml in stunted children. The proportion of IGF-1 to total protein in children with normal nutritional status was 1.04×10-2 and in stunted children was 8.96×10-3. The average number of teeth with crown defects in children with normal nutritional status was 2.94 teeth and in stuntedchildren was 1.17 teeth. There was a significant difference in the number of teeth with crown defects between normal and stunted children (p < 0.05). The average number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status was 8.29 teeth and in stunted children was 8.04 teeth. There was no significant difference in the number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status and stunting (p > 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the nutritional status of children aged 6-8 years (r = 0.147), a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the number of dental crown defects (r = 0.219), and a correlation between IGF-1 levels and the number of permanent teeth eruption (r = 0.074). Conclusion: Stunted children aged 6-8 years old tend to show not significant lower IGF-1 level and delayed tooth eruption compared to normal children but had significant lower frequency of enamel defect. In such samples no significant relationship between salivary IGF-1 level and tooth eruption time could be seen."

"Pendahuluan: Pola, variasi dan waktu erupsi gigi sulung dari setiap individu berbeda dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan. Aktivitas oromotor merupakan faktor lingkungan lokal yang terdeteksi saat janin berusia lebih dari 6 bulan, dan berlanjut segera setelah dilahirkan. Pengaruh feeding practice yang merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan lokal yang merangsang aktivitas oromotor terhadap erupsi gigi sulung belum diketahui pasti. Dalam literatur disampaikan bahwa perbedaan metode pemberian ASI menunjukkan karakteristik aktivitas motorik oral yang berbeda. Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian cross sectional dengan responden 50 pasang ibu dan bayi usia ≥6-12 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data kuesioner meliputi gambaran karakteristik demografi, riwayat kehamilan, riwayat kelahiran, riwayat menyusu, usia bayi dan fotometri erupsi gigi sulung intra-oral Hasil dan Pembahasan: Aktivitas motorik dianalisis melalui variabel usia bayi, metode kelahiran, berat lahir, cara menyusu ASI dan erupsi gigi 51-61 serta 71-81. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara usia dan metode kelahiran terhadap erupsi gigi 51-61. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara berat lahir, metode kelahiran, dan cara menyusu ASI terhadap erupsi gigi 71-81. 

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Introduction: Patterns, variations and time eruption of primary tooth of each individual are different and influenced by environmental factors. Oromotor activity is a local environment factor detected when the fetus is more than 6 months old, and continues immediately after being born. The effect of feeding practice, which is one of the local environmental factors that stimulates oromotor activity on the eruption of the eldest tooth is not yet certain. In the literature it is conveyed that the difference in method of breastfeeding shows the characteristics of different oral motor activities.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study with 50 pairs of mothers and babies aged 6-12 months who met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire data includes a description of demographic characteristics, pregnancy history, birth history, breastfeeding history, infant age and intra-oral photometry of the eruption of primary teeth.

Results and Discussion: Oral motor activity was analyzed through the variables of the baby's age, birth method, birth weight, breastfeeding method and the eruption of teeth 51-61 and 71-81. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between age and method of birth on the eruption of teeth 51-61. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between birth weight, birth method, and breastfeeding method on the eruption of teeth 71-81."

"Latar Belakang: Erupsi gigi adalah pergerakan gigi dalam arah aksial dari lokasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi di dalam tulang rahang menuju ke posisi fungsional gigi di dalam rongga mulut. Proses erupsi gigi ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik dan lingkungan, salah satunya adalah praktik pemberian makan pada anak, terutama selama satu tahun pertama pascalahir. Adanya perubahan konsistensi makanan yang diberikan dari susu yang bersifat cair saat lahir, lunak, semi padat, hingga padat di usia dua belas bulan, melibatkan perubahan aktifitas komponen kompleks kraniofasial yang dihubungkan dengan proses erupsi gigi sulung. Hasil yang beragam ditemukan pada penelitian terdahulu mengenai hubungan praktik pemberian makan terhadap erupsi gigi sulung di berbagai negara. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara praktik pemberian makan dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan ras Deutro-Melayu. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan total subjek penelitian 60 pasang ibu dan anak usia 12 bulan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data praktik pemberian makan diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan ibu termasuk riwayat kehamilan, kesehatan anak saat lahir dan 6 bulan pascalahir. Jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi dihitung melalui foto intraoral. Hasil: Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara aktivitas makan saat praktik pemberian makan semi padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,279; p=0,031) dan padat (uji korelasi Spearman Rank; r=0,272; p=0,003) dengan jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada usia 12 bulan. Kesimpulan: Perubahan tekstur makanan saat pemberian makan semi padat dan padat menyebabkan perubahan aktivitas makan yang berpotensi mempengaruhi jumlah gigi sulung yang sudah erupsi pada anak usia 12 bulan.

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Background: Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth, primarily in the axial direction, from its site of development in the jaw bone to its functional position in the oral cavity. The process of tooth eruption is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, one of which is feeding practices, especially during the first year postnatal. The change in the food consistency given at birth from liquid, soft, semi-solid, to solid at the age of twelve months, involves changes in the activity of the craniofacial complex components that are associated with the process of eruption of primary teeth. Various results were found in previous studies on the relationship between feeding practices and primary tooth eruption in various countries.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between feeding practice and the number of primary teeth in 12-month-old Deutro-Melayu race children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 60 pairs of mothers and 12-month-old children who met the inclusion criteria. Data on feeding practices were obtained through interview with mothers including pregnancy history, child health at birth and 6 months postnatal. The number of primary teeth was determined through intraoral photographs.

Result: There was a significant correlation between feeding activity during semi-solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.279; p=0.031) and solid (Spearman Rank correlation test; r=0.272; p=0.003) and the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age.

Conclusion: Changes in food texture during semi-solid and solid feeding lead to changes in feeding activity that could potentially affect the number of primary teeth at 12 months of age."