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Abstrak :
[Dalam konteks pengobatan modern, kompleksitas sistem perumahsakitan dianggap sebagai faktor utama penyebab insiden kesalahan medis. Dengan paradigma ”pelayanan berfokus pasien”, hak pasien mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang aman adalah indikator utama dalam Standar Akreditasi Rumah Sakit versi 2012 (SARS 2012) di Indonesia, melalui penerapan 6 Sasaran Keselamatan Pasien (SKP). Adapun salah-satu jenis penyakit dengan mortalitas dan morbiditas yang tinggi adalah Sepsis. Pengunaan modifikasi klinis Internasional Classification of Desease (ICD) berbasis revisi ke-9, telah menimbulkan kerancuan terminologi dan meningkatkan mortalitas sepsis. Secara global, mortalitas sepsis mencapai 8 juta/tahun, dengan pertumbuhan di negara berkembang berkisar 8 – 13% per-tahun. Untuk memastikan efektifitas Keselamatan Pasien pada alur pelayanan penyakit sepsis, dilakukan penelitian terhadap imlementasi Tatakelola 6 Sasaran Keselatanan Pasien. Melalui kerangka studi kasus, dengan pendekatan kualitatif diskriptik analitik, dilaksanakan penelitian di Rumah Sakit Tebet Jakarta, pada bulan April-Mei 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, efektifitas Tatakelola 6 SKP mencapai 96,283%, dengan tingkat kesalahan 5%. Penelitian ini berhasil membuktikan implementasi Tatakelola 6 SKP pada alur pelayanan penyakit sepsis. Disimpulkan bahwa Tatakelola 6 Sasaran Keselamatan Pasien sangat efektif mengurangi resiko KP.;In the context of modern medicine, complexity hospital’s management is regarded as the primary cause of medical error (ME). The new healthcare paradigm of “Patient-Focused Care”, patient’s right to receive safe healthcare treatment is considered as main indicator in Standar Akreditasi Rumah Sakit of 2012 (SARS 2012) in Indonesia, through the implementation of the 6 Targets of Patient Safety (KP). In the category of emergency medical treatment, Sepsis is considered as a disease with high mortality and morbidity rate. The use of The International Classification of Diseases, based on Ninth Revision, have caused terminological confusion and contribute to the increase of sepsis mortality rate. Globally, sepsis’ mortality rate reaches 8 million/year or 24.000/day, with growth rate of 8-13% per-year. To ensure the effectiveness of KP standard implementation in sepsis medical treatment, a research on the implementation of 6 Targets of KP in RS Tebet is conducted. Using case study, qualitative and descriptive analysis, this research is performed in the course of April-May 2015. The research shows that effectiveness 6 Targets of KP implementation reaches 96,283%, with 5% margin of error. This research proves that implementation of 6 Targets of KP in healthcare treatment procedure for sepsis cases can reduce the risk of ME., In the context of modern medicine, complexity hospital’s management is regarded as the primary cause of medical error (ME). The new healthcare paradigm of “Patient-Focused Care”, patient’s right to receive safe healthcare treatment is considered as main indicator in Standar Akreditasi Rumah Sakit of 2012 (SARS 2012) in Indonesia, through the implementation of the 6 Targets of Patient Safety (KP). In the category of emergency medical treatment, Sepsis is considered as a disease with high mortality and morbidity rate. The use of The International Classification of Diseases, based on Ninth Revision, have caused terminological confusion and contribute to the increase of sepsis mortality rate. Globally, sepsis’ mortality rate reaches 8 million/year or 24.000/day, with growth rate of 8-13% per-year. To ensure the effectiveness of KP standard implementation in sepsis medical treatment, a research on the implementation of 6 Targets of KP in RS Tebet is conducted. Using case study, qualitative and descriptive analysis, this research is performed in the course of April-May 2015. The research shows that effectiveness 6 Targets of KP implementation reaches 96,283%, with 5% margin of error. This research proves that implementation of 6 Targets of KP in healthcare treatment procedure for sepsis cases can reduce the risk of ME.]

Abstrak :
Carole Campbell examines the position of women in the AIDS epidemic (women living with HIV, and the growing number of women caring for HIV-infected family members) in a sociocultural context. The early male profile of the AIDS epidemic has given rise to education and prevention programs based upon the needs of males. Campbell draws a clear connection between women's risk of AIDS, gender roles (particularly adolescent gender role socialization), and male sexual behavior, demonstrating that no efforts to contain the spread of the disease to females can succeed without also targeting the male behavior that puts women at risk. This study concludes that compared with men, HIV-infected women face unequal access to care and unequal quality of care. Campbell makes a compelling case that social institutions such as health care and the media have created barriers for women by failing to take into account the differences between men and women in terms of social roles, status, and power. Informed by the moving personal accounts of eleven HIV-infected men and women, this book offers a rare, broad picture of the sociocultural causes and the impact on American society of AIDS among women.

Abstrak :
Pemaparan materi pornografi dan perilaku seksual siswa SMP diteliti untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang epidemi (wabah) pornografi pada anak sekolah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei menggunakan kuesioner pada siswa kelas 7-9 di empat SMP Negeri di Kota Mataram, yang melibatkan 36 kelas berjumlah 1415 siswa sebagai responden. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa sekitar 91 persen siswa telah terpapar pada materi pornografi. Proporsi siswa yang terpapar pada pornografi berbeda antara siswa laki-laki dengan siswa perempuan. Perbedaan keterpaparan pornografi antar tingkatan kelas terjadi antara kelas 7 dengan kelas 8 dan kelas 9. Media yang paling sering digunakan untuk melihat konten pornografi adalah telepon genggam (handphone). Awal pemaparan pornografi pada siswa SMP dimulai pada kelas 5 SD, dengan indikasi kuat semakin hari semakin dini terjadi pemaparan. Perilaku seksual siswa SMPN menunjukkan bahwa 14 persen siswa telah melakukan masturbasi, 45 persen siswa telah berpacaran dan 13 persen siswa pernah berciuman mulut. Tidak ada responden yang mengaku pernah melakukan hubungan seksual. Pola perbedaan perilaku seksual (masturbasi, berpacaran, atau berciuman mulut) antar tingkatan kelas mengikuti pola perbedaan keterpaparan pornografi. Proporsi siswa yang berpacaran lebih tinggi pada siswa perempuan dari pada siswa laki-laki. Penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan bukti yang kuat adanya hubungan sebab akibat antara pemaparan pornografi dengan perilaku seksual siswa.

Pornographic exposure and sexual behavior of Junior High School (JHS) students were studied to determine pornographic epidemy in young shool children. The study was carried out using questioner survey for students at Grades 7-9 on four state JHS at the City of Mataram. The respondents were consisted of 36 classes or 1415 students. Results of the study show that 91 per cent of students have been exposed to pornographic materials. The exposure was different between males and females. The pornographic exposure of Grade 7 was different from 8 and 9 students showing the vulnerability of Grade 7 students. Cellular or mobile-phone is the most popular equipment of pornographic exposure. At present, the earliest time student exposed to pornographic materials is at Grade 5, and there is a tendency to become earlier in future. Sexual behaviors of JHS students were identified still in normal level; 14 per cent students have experienced masturbation, 45 per cent have had boy or girl friends, and 13 per cent have had mouth-kissed. No student has sexual intercourse. Sexual behavior pattern was found different among school-grades along with pornographic exposure. Proportion of female students having boyfriend is higher than male students having girlfriend. There is no strong evidence on JHS students of Mataram City that pornographic exposures have any effect on sexual behaviors.

Abstrak :
Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) merupakan penyakit endemis di Indonesia dan di beberapa negara yang terletak di daerah tropis maupun subtropis. Meningkatnya kejadian penyakit DBD dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor iklim. Dalam program pemberantasan penyakit DBD faktor iklim belum banyak mendapat perhatian, sehingga upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan DBD yang dilakukan belum optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Kotamadya Jakarta Timur Provinsi DKI Jakarta, untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor iklim dan kejadian DBD. Faktor iklim yang diteliti meliputi curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan, kelembaban, suhu, kecepatan angin, dan pencahayaan matahari. Penelitian ini merupakan studi ekologi/studi korelasi populasi dengan menggunakan data sekunder selama 5 tahun (1998-2002) Data jumlah kasus DBD per minggu diperoleh dari Suku Dinas Kesehatan Masyarakat Kotamadya Jakarta Timur, sedangkan data faktor-faktor iklim diperoleh dari Stasiun Meteorologi Jakarta. Data iklim harian selanjutnya dikonversi menjadi data per minggu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang kuat antara curah hujan, kelembaban dan jumlah kasus DBD, hubungan yang sedang antara jumlah hari hujan, suhu, pencahayaan matahari dan jumlah kasus DBD, serta hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara kecepatan angin dan jumlah kasus DBD. Bentuk hubungan antara curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan, suhu, kecepatan angin, penyinaran matahari dan jumlah kasus DBD adalah cubic, sedangkan bentuk hubungan antara kelembaban dan jumlah kasus DBD adalah quadratic.

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Relationship between Climate and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Cases in East Jakarta 1998-2002Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is epidemic disease in Indonesia and some countries in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the world. The increasing of DHF cases is caused many factors, and one of them is climate factor. This factor does not get much interested in DHF controlling programs yet, so that the intervention strategy is not optimum. The research is conducted in East Jakarta, to know whether climate factors are related to DHF cases. The climate factor in the study is rainfall, rain days, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and sun shine. This study is an ecological study using secondary data for 5 years (1998-2002). The weekly DHF cases data come from East Jakarta Health Services, and the daily climate data come from Jakarta meteorological station, conversed to weekly data for 5 years in 1998 to 2002. The study shows that there are a significant relationship between DHF cases and rainfall, rain days, relative humidity, temperature, and sunshine. There is not significant relationship between DHF cases and wind velocity. The model of relationship between climate factors and cases are cubic, except the relationship between humidity and cases is quadratic.

Abstrak :
Kabupaten Purworejo, khususnya Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Purworejo, belum mempunyai program aplikasi khusus untuk mendeteksi dini KLB malaria. Masalah utama yang dihadapi adalah belum dioptimalkannya pemanfaatan data malaria yang sudah dikumpulkan oleh puskesmas ke Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten serta belum diketahuinya kemampuan metode deteksi Cullen dan metode WHO dalam mendeteksi dini KLB malaria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah dikembangkannya prototipe program aplikasi untuk mendeteksi dini KLB malaria menggunakan metode Cullen dan metode WHO untuk melengkapi sistem kewaspadaan dini KLB malaria di tingkat kabupaten dan puskesmas. Indikator utama yang digunakan adalah kemunculan tanda bahaya KLB malaria. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah siklus hidup sistem yang terdiri atas lima tahapan utama yaitu perencanaan, analisis, rancangan, penerapan dan perawatan. Analisa data kualitatif menggunakan analisis isi, sedangkan analisa data kuantitatif menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan Uji Chi-Square. Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan prototipe program aplikasi untuk mendeteksi dini KLB malaria menggunakan metode Cullen dan metode WHO dengan memanfaatkan model basis data relasional sehingga dapat menghasilkan diagram deteksi dini KLB malaria dan diagram tree kasus malaria. Kedua metode deteksi memperlihatkan kemampuannya untuk memberikan peringatan awal sekitar 22 bulan (Cullen) dan 26 bulan (WHO) sebelum puncak KLB terjadi. Metode WHO memberikan tanda bahaya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan metode Cullen (96% vs 70%, p = 0.011). Kesesuaian proyeksi kedua metode sebesar 74%. Dalam menentukan kemungkinan penyeragaman nilai ambang batas antara puskesmas dan kabupaten, ambang batas Cullen di tingkat kabupaten mempunyai sensifisitas 70-100%, spesifisitas 35-91% dan nilai dugaan positif 8-96%. Sedangkan metode WHO, sensifisitasnya antara 88-100%, spesifisitas 7-67% dan nilai dugaan positif 28-98%. Oleh karma adanya variasi ketiga indikator tersebut maka nilai ambang batas KLB tidak dapat diberlakukan secara seragam untuk setiap puskesmas. Sistem deteksi dini KLB malaria diharapkan dapat dikembangkan dengan memasukkan faktor-faktor lain yang mempunyai kontribusi dalam mendeteksi dini KLB malaria, menggunakan metode deteksi lain seperti bagan kendali dan analisis deret waktu, serta menggunakan perangkat lunak legal lain yang lebih mutakhir sehingga analisisnya menjadi lebih optimal. ......Development of Malaria Epidemic Early Detection System Using Cullen and WHO Methods in Purworejo DistrictPurworejo District, especially Health District Office, didn't have special application software used for malaria epidemic early detection yet. The main problem is malaria data than been collected from primary health center to Health District Office under optimally. And beside that we want to know the ability of Cullen and WHO method to detect malaria epidemic earlier. The goal of this research is to develop a program prototype for malaria epidemic early detection system using Cullen and WHO, then it's supporting the current early warning system in district and primary health center level. Main indicator using is appearance of alert for malaria epidemic. Methodology used is life cycle consists five stages are planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. Qualitative data analysis uses context analysis and for quantitative data uses Kruskal Wallis test and Chi-Square test. This research produces an application prototype for malaria epidemic early detection using Cullen and WHO methods. This prototype utilizes relational database model that able to display the malaria epidemic early detection diagram and malaria case trend diagram. Both methods show ability to give early alert around 22 months (Cullen) and 26 months (WHO) before epidemic peak. WHO method appears more alert signal than Cullen method (96% vs 70%, p = 0.011). Their concordance is 74%. To determine the possibility to standardize epidemic threshold value between primary health center and district, Cullen's threshold value in district level shows sensitivity 70-100%, specificity 35-91% and positive predictive value 8-96%. Besides that WHO method, sensitivity around 88-100%, specificity 7-67% and positive predictive value 28-98%. Because of variation among indicators, we aren't able to standardize epidemic threshold value to whole primary health center. Malaria epidemic early detection system is expected being developed with others factors that contribute to malaria epidemic early detection, using other detection technique such as control chart and time series analysis, and also using powerful legal software then the analysis is more optimal.

Abstrak :
Sebagai daerah rawan bencana, pengembangan pariwisata di Indonesia menghadapi berbagai tantangan dengan adanya bencana yang terjadi karena faktor alam maupun faktor manusia. Dengan menggunakan data panel, penelitian ini mencoba menelusuri bagaimana berbagai bencana seperti epidemi, bencana alam, dan terorisme berkorelasi dengan kunjungan wisman. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data tahunan kunjungan wisman dari 19 (sembilan belas) negara dan 9 (sembilan) pintu masuk selama periode tahun 2008 hingga 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai jenis bencana berkorelasi negatif dengan kunjungan wisman secara berbeda dalam hal tingkatan maupun signifikansi. Selain itu, terdapat dampak yang lebih panjang pada beberapa bencana, yang terlihat dari korelasi negatif yang signifikan pada tahun setelah terjadinya bencana. Penelitian ini juga menemukan adanya keragaman korelasi bencana dengan kunjungan wisman berdasarkan negara asal wisman yang menggambarkan wisman dari negara mana yang sensitif atau tidak sensitif terhadap bencana. ......Indonesia's tourism development faces various disaster challenges as a disaster-prone area due to natural factors or human factors. Using a panel data approach, this research built a model on understanding the correlation between disasters such as epidemic, natural disasters, and terrorism with foreign tourist arrivals. The research used data set of annual foreign tourist arrivals from 19 (nineteen) countries and 10 (ten) ports of entry from 2008 to 2020. The results showed that different types of disasters have negatively correlated with inbound tourists differently in terms of magnitude and significancies. In addition, there was a more prolonged impact on some disasters, which can be seen from the significant negative correlation in the year following the disaster. Our estimates also found a heterogeneous correlation based on tourist origin countries describing which one was sensitive or insensitive to disaster.