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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan enzim selulase dari kapang terpilih untuk pembuatan selulosa mikrokristal dari kulit buah kapuk. Alfa selulosa didapatkan melalui biodelignifikasi dan enzim selulase murni diperoleh dari galur kapang terpilih. Selulosa mikrokristal didapatkan melalui hidrolisis enzimatis dengan enzim selulase yang telah dimurnikan, lalu diidentifikasi dengan analisa kualitatif Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal seperti x-ray diffraction (XRD), analisis ukuran dan distribusi partikel, dan pengukuran scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biodelignifikasi terbaik dilakukan pada suhu 40˚C menghasilkan14,88% α-selulosa. Penicillium sp. sebagai kapang terpilih memiliki aktivitas selulase tertinggi dengan indeks selulolitik 4,83 dan aktivitas selulase sebesar 0,04299 U/mL. Fraksi pertama digunakan untuk hidrolisis memiliki aktivitas tertinggi yaitu 649,68 mU/mL. Hasil identifikasi FTIR menunjukkan kemiripan diagram dengan Avicel PH 101 dengan titik lebur 244,580˚C. Karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan kristalinitas pada 2 puncak 2Ɵ (deg) nilai 22,58 dengan intensitas 634 dan nilai 21,85 dengan intensitas 51. Susut pengeringan 3,74%, derajat keasaman pH 7,0, ukuran partikel antara 13,06 hingga 196,79μm, kerapatan serbuk ruah 0,111 g/cm3, serbuk mampat 0,235 g/cm3, laju alir cukup baik, SEM-EDX menunjukkan bentuk morfologi selulosa mikrokristal kulit buah kapuk berbentuk memanjang. Selulosa mikrokristal kulit buah kapuk telah menunjukkan karakteristik yang berbeda dengan referensi dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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ABSTRACT
This study aims to obtain cellulase enzymes from selected molds for microcrystalline cellulose preparation from α-cellulose of kapok pericarpium. Alpha cellulose was obtained by biodelignification and the purified cellulase was obtained from selected mold. The Microcrystalline cellulose that obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis then identified by qualitative analysis, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), followed by characterization of microcrystalline cellulose includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size and Distribution Analysis (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Biodelignification carried out at a temperature of 40C produced 14.88% α-cellulose, Penicillium sp. as the selected mold had the highest cellulase activity with a cellulolytic index of 4.83 and cellulase activity of 0.04299 U/mL. The first fraction used for hydrolysis had the highest activity of 649.68 mU/mL. FTIR identification showed a similarity with Avicel PH 101 with a melting point of 244.580C. XRD characterization was showed the crystallinity at 2 peaks 2Ɵ (deg) 22.58 with intensity 634 and 21.85 with intensity 51. Loss on drying was 3.74%, pH was 7.0, particle size ranged from 13.06 to 196.79 um, bulk density and tapped density were 0.111 g/cm3 and 0.235 g/cm3, the flow rate character is quite good, and SEM-EDX was showed that the morphological shape of the microcrystalline cellulose of the kapok pericarpium is elongated. Microcrystalline cellulose has shown a difference in characteristic and can be furthered.

Abstrak :
Lecithin is needed as a bioemulsifier product in stabilizing agents for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its renewability and as it is environmentally friendly. In the food industry, most of the emulsifiers used are the oil-in-water (O/W) type. Lecithin can be seen as a promising emulsifier product because it is extracted from egg yolk and modified by enzymatic hydrolysis reaction using the papain enzyme. This modification will change the molecular structure of the compound, which makes lecithin more stable in the oil-in-water type of emulsion. This study aims to determine the optimum amount of papain enzyme used in the hydrolysis reaction to achieve the most stable O/W lecithin emulsion type. The results show that the breaking of a single fatty acid chain from the structure of lecithin can be demonstrated by FTIR instrumentation. The fatty acids detected from the lecithin structure are shown at wavenumber 1699.45 cm-1 (C=O), 1231.44 cm-1 (C-O), 1422.45 cm-1 (C-O-H), 1092.85 cm-1 (C-C), 665.89 cm-1 (CH2), and 3400.57 (-OH in carboxylate). Determination of the modified lecithin yield was made by several tests, namely a stability test, and tests for acid value, surface tension and zeta potential. From the results of tests, the emulsion stability for the O/W type was achieved in modified-lecithin using a 4% papain enzyme dosage, with a stability duration of up to 31 hours. The lowest acid number was achieved in modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme dosage with value of 10.40. The lowest surface tension was obtained in modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme dosage with a surface tension value of 48.68 dyne/cm. The zeta potential of the modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme had a value of -94.8 mV. These results show that the enzymatic hydrolysis of lecithin using a papain enzyme is clearly able to enhance the emulsifier properties of the lecithin produced.

Abstrak :
Glukosa banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang teknologi atau formulasi farmasetika baik sebagai pengatur tonisitas dalam larutan sebagai zat pemanis sebagai pengencer dan pengikat pada pembuatan tablet dengan metode granulasi basah dan kempa langsung, terutama dalam tablet kunyah sebagai agen terapeutik dan merupakan sumber karbohidrat dalam rejimen nutrisi parenteral. Eceng gondok dapat menjadi salah satu sumber potensial karena selulosa yang terkandung di dalamnya cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk preparasi glukosa dengan cara hidrolisis secara enzimatis oleh selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan galur kapang dengan aktivitas selulase tinggi untuk menghidrolisis α-selulosa eceng gondok guna memperoleh glukosa. Penelitian diawali dengan preparasi α-selulosa dari serbuk tanaman eceng gondok, skrining beberapa galur kapang uji berdasarkan pembentukan zona bening pada medium agar CMC dan dengan metode gula reduksi-DNS, dilanjutkan dengan optimasi kondisi hidrolisis enzimatis. Identifikasi glukosa yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan uji pereaksi Fehling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan galur kapang yang memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase paling tinggi adalah Chaetomium globosum. Kondisi optimum hidrolisis enzimatis dicapai pada suhu 50°C, dalam dapar asetat pH 5, dengan penambahan konsentrasi enzim 2%, selama 48 jam dengan kecepatan pengadukan 160 rpm. Hasil identifikasi dengan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa spektrum serbuk glukosa yang dihasilkan memiliki kemiripan dengan spektrum glukosa standar terutama pada daerah sidik jari. Identifikasi dengan uji pereaksi Fehling memberikan hasil positif baik untuk glukosa standar maupun larutan uji hasil hidrolisis.

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Glucose is widely used in the field of technology or pharmaceutical formulations for some purposes, such as a tonicity agent in solution a sweetening agent used as a wet granulation diluent and binder as a direct-compression tablet diluent and binder, primarily in chewable tablets used therapeutically and is the preferred source of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition regimens. Water hyacinth potentially is used in glucose preparation through enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase because the cellulose contained in it is high enough. This study aims to obtain the mold strain with high cellulase activity which hydrolyzes α-cellulose from water hyacinth to obtain glucose. This study is composed of several steps, including the preparation of α-cellulose from water hyacinth powder, screening test mold strains based on the formation of clear zones in CMC agar medium and with DNS-reducing sugar method, followed by optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. The identification of glucose produced was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Fehlings test methods. The results showed the mold strain that has the highest cellulase enzyme activity is Chaetomium globosum. The optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis was reached at 50°C, in acetate buffer pH 5, with the addition of 2% enzyme concentration, for 48 hours, with a stirring speed of 160 rpm. The results of identification with FTIR showed that the spectrum of glucose produced has similarities to the spectrum of glucose standard, especially in the fingerprint region. The identification by the Fehlings test showed positive results for both glucose standard and solution test from hydrolysis results.

Abstrak :
Onggok merupakan limbah padat industri tapioka dari singkong dan dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan maltodekstrin. Maltodekstrin merupakan senyawa organik yang dihasilkan dari hidrolisis pati dan memiliki ruang lingkup aplikasi luas untuk pangan dan kesehatan. Kandungan pati dalam onggok dimodifikasi melalui proses hidrolisis enzimatik menggunakan enzim ?-amilase dan ?-amilase pada suhu 80oC pada pH 5,5. Hidrolisis enzimatik dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi enzim ?-amilase sebesar 0,1% dan ?-amilase sebesar 0,05%, 0,1%, dan 0,5%. Konsentrasi onggok juga divariasikan menjadi 4%, 7%, 10%, dan 13%. Penggunaan optimum jumlah enzim ?-amilase dan ?-amilase berturut-turut adalah sebesar 0,1% dan 0,1% pada interval waktu 1 menit dengan nilai dextrose equivalent (DE) yang diperoleh sebesar 5,7. Maltodekstrin yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM) untuk menunjukkan morfologi struktur pati yang telah rusak akibat proses hidrolisis oleh enzim. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) menentukan temperatur kristalisasi produk dari suhu 50oC hingga 150oC serta degradasi produk hidrolisis dimulai dari suhu 350oC. Hasil hidrolisis onggok secara enzimatik berupa maltodekstrin dengan DE kisaran 2 hingga 10 memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan pada industri farmasi sebagai eksipien dalam formula sediaan tablet melalui granulasi basah serta sebagai pengikat tablet dan filler tablet. ......Onggok is tapioca industrial solid waste from cassava and can be used to make maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is an organic compound produced from the hydrolysis of starch and has a wide scope of application for food and health. The starch content in cassava was modified through an enzymatic hydrolysis process using ?-amylase and ?-amylase enzymes at 80oC at pH 5.5. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out by varying the concentrations of ?-amylase by 0.1% and ?-amylase by 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5%. The concentration of onggok was also varied to 4%, 7%, 10% and 13%. The optimum use of ?-amylase and ?-amylase enzymes respectively was 0.1% and 0.1% at 1 minute intervals with a dextrose equivalent (DE) value of 5.7. The maltodextrin obtained was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that shows the structural morphology of starch which has been damaged by the hydrolysis process by enzymes. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) determines the crystallization temperature of the product from 50oC to 150oC and the degradation of hydrolysis products starts from 350oC. The result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava in the form of maltodextrin with a DE below 10 has the potential to be developed in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient in tablet formulations through wet granulation and as a tablet binder and tablet filler.

Abstrak :
The objective of this research was to examine the optimum condition of enzymatic hydrolysis of shark protein by visceratic enzyme and trypsin ....

Abstrak :
Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menghasilkan selulosa mikrokristal melalui hidrolisis α- selulosa serbuk eceng gondok dan membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan pembanding (Avicel PH 101). α-selulosa eceng gondok disiapkan melalui biodelignifikasi menggunakan kapang pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor. Selulase dari rayap Macrotermes gilvus dimurnikan dengan fraksinasi ammonium sulfat, dialisis, dan kromatografi kolom. Hasil hidrolisis ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan suhu, pH, dan waktu hidrolisis. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan pola difraksi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH 101. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen α-selulosa dari biodelignifikasi adalah 40% b/b terhadap serbuk eceng gondok. Selulase murni dari Macrotermes gilvus menunjukkan aktivitas tinggi 11,743 U/mL membentuk area zona bening 49 mm dengan indeks selulolitik 7,16. Hidrolisis optimum dengan selulase dicapai pada 50⁰C, pH 6,0, selama 2 jam, dengan yield 90,89% MCC. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal mirip dengan referensi. MCC dari eceng gondok telah menunjukkan karakteristik mirip dengan referensi dan mungkin berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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The purpose of this research is to produce microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis of α-cellulose water hyacinth powder and compare its characteristics with a comparison (Avicel PH 101). α-cellulose water hyacinth is prepared through biodelignification using white rot mold Trametes versicolor. Cellulase from termite Macrotermes gilvus was purified by fractionation of ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and column chromatography. The hydrolysis yield is improved by optimizing temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by microcrystalline cellulose characterization using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and diffraction patterns using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) compared with Avicel PH 101. The results showed the yield of α-cellulose from biodelignification was 40% w/w on water hyacinth powder. Pure cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high activity of 11.743 U/mL forming a 49 mm clear zone area with a cellulolytic index of 7.16. Optimum hydrolysis with cellulase was achieved at 50⁰C, pH 6.0, for 2 hours, with a yield of 90.89% MCC. The characterization results showed that microcrystalline cellulose characteristics were similar to references. MCC from water hyacinth has shown characteristics similar to references and may be potential for further development.

Abstrak :

Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (OPF) merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian Indonesia yang melimpah dengan berbagai potensi yang menjanjikan. Kandungan holoselulosa yang tinggi pada minyak pelepah sawit dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memproduksi gula pereduksi dan bahan kimia platform. Gula pereduksi diperoleh melalui pretreatment (delignifikasi) dan hidrolisis enzimatik. Makalah ini melaporkan pretreatment pelepah kelapa sawit menggunakan pretreatment hidrotermal dengan beberapa jenis larutan buffer asam (fosfat, asetat, dan sitrat) untuk meningkatkan produksi glukosa dan xilosa. Studi dilakukan dengan membandingkan kinerja pelarut hidrotermal menggunakan air dan larutan penyangga asam terhadap degradasi lignin dan OPF yang dihidrolisis secara enzimatis pada kondisi operasi yang stabil. Kondisi operasi pretreatment yang optimal ditentukan dengan memvariasikan waktu tinggal dan suhu pretreatment. Larutan penyangga sitrat menunjukkan kemampuan degradasi lignin terbaik pada suhu 150^OC dan waktu tinggal 40 menit. Hasil recovery glukosa dan xilosa yang diperoleh adalah 24,76 g/g dan 3,93 g/g. Penggunaan larutan buffer asam menunjukkan peningkatan hasil recovery glukosa sebesar 88,31% dibandingkan pretreatment hidrotermal konvensional, namun hasil recovery xilosa mengalami penurunan sebesar 17,29%. ......Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) are one of Indonesia's abundant agricultural wastes, with many promising potentials. The high holocellulose content in the oil palm frond can be used to reduce sugars and platform chemicals. Reducing sugar is obtained through pretreatment (delignification) and enzymatic hydrolysis. This paper reports on oil palm frond pretreatment using hydrothermal pretreatment with several types of acid buffer solutions (phosphoric, acetic, and citric) to increase the production of glucose and xylose. The study was conducted by comparing the performance of hydrothermal solvents using water and acid buffers against lignin degradation and enzymatically hydrolyzed OPF under stable operating conditions. The optimal pretreatment operating conditions were determined by comparing the residence time and pretreatment temperature. Buffer Citrate showed the best lignin degradation ability at temperature 150^OC and residence time 40 minute. The yields recovery of glucose and xylose obtained were 24.76 g/g and 3.93 g/g. Using an acid buffer solution showed an increase in glucose yield recovery of 88.31% compared to conventional hydrothermal pretreatment, but the yield recovery of xylose decreased by 17.29%.

Abstrak :
Clean, safe and sustainable energy sources must be found to minimize all side-effects of fossil fuel consumption. Second generation bioethanol possesses a great potential as an alternative energy source especially in the transportation sector. In this study, rice straw was selected to be studied as a conversion of potential lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. Firstly, rice straw was processed with mechanical pretreatment using a home blender, followed by acid pretreatment using 2.0 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at 90oC for 60 minutes. The glucose yield was found to be 9.71 g/L. Then, rice straw pretreated with acid was hydrolyzed using 24 mg of cellulase from Tichoderma Ressei ATCC 26921 over a 72-hour duration, which yielded a total glucose count of 11.466 g/L. After fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that by combining enzymatic hydrolysis with acid pretreatment yielded a higher ethanol content after fermentation (0.1503% or 52.75% of theoretical value) compared to acidic pretreatment alone (0.013% or 11.26% of theoretical value).