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"Penelitian ini akan mengenalisis penerapan prinsip foreseeability of harm dalam perjanjian internasional dan sengketa lingkungan internasional. Berangkat dari konsep necessity, prinsip foreseeability of harm memerlukan keseimbangan antara memprediksi kemungkinan kerugian dan mengambil langkah-langkah yang wajar untuk mencegahnya, memastikan bahwa negara bertindak secara bertanggung jawab tanpa terbebani secara tidak adil oleh konsekuensi yang tidak dapat diperkirakan. Namun, dalam perkembangannya sering kali ditemukan tantangan dan hambatan dalam penerapannya yang berkeadilan, bahkan menjadi perdebatan antara hakim-hakim yang meutus suatu perkara. Ditulis menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal dan peninjauan pustaka, tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah melihat perbedaan terhadap penerapan prinsip ini dari setiap perjanjian internasional dan dalam setiap sengketa berkaitan dengan lingkungan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melihat secara spesifik metode yang digunakan oleh setiap perjanjian internasional dan penyelesaian kasus oleh pengadilan internasional, seperti kewajiban melakukan pengkajian dampak lingkungan sebelum melakukan suatu proyek, dan lain-lain. Akhir dari penelitian ini akan memberikan kesimpulan terhadap setiap pertanyaan yang diajukan dan saran untuk penerapannya di kemudian hari.

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This research will identify the application of the principle of foreseeability of harm in international agreements and international environmental disputes. Departing from the concept of necessity, the principle of foreseeability of harm requires a balance between predicting possible harm and taking reasonable steps to prevent it, ensuring that states act responsibly without being unfairly burdened by unforeseen consequences. However, in its development, challenges and obstacles are often found in its fair implementation, and it even becomes a debate between the judges who decide on a case. Written using doctrinal research methods and conducting a literature review, the main aim of this research is to see the differences in the application of this principle in every international agreement and in every dispute related to the environment. Apart from that, this research also looks specifically at the methods used by each international agreement and the resolution of cases by international courts, such as the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments before carrying out a project, and so on. The end of this research will provide conclusions on each question asked and suggestions for future implementation. This research will identify the application of the principle of foreseeability of harm in international agreements and international environmental disputes. Departing from the concept of necessity, the principle of foreseeability of harm requires a balance between predicting possible harm and taking reasonable steps to prevent it, ensuring that states act responsibly without being unfairly burdened by unforeseen consequences. However, in its development, challenges and obstacles are often found in its fair implementation, and it even becomes a debate between the judges who decide on a case. Written using doctrinal research methods and conducting a literature review, the main aim of this research is to see the differences in the application of this principle in every international agreement and in every dispute related to the environment. Apart from that, this research also looks specifically at the methods used by each international agreement and the resolution of cases by international courts, such as the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments before carrying out a project, and so on. The end of this research will provide conclusions on each question asked and suggestions for future implementation."

"Batubara kualitas rendah merupakan bahan bakar fosil yang cadangannya cukup besar dan tersebar di seluruh dunia. Sekitar 60 % batubara Indonesia masuk dalam kategori ini.Dibandingkan bahan bakar fosil lain, batubara berdampak negatip terhadap lingkungan terutama dari segi buangan cerobongnya. Buangan cerobong PLTU batubara yang dapat mengganggu ekosistem dan kesehatan manusia antara lain SO2 (dioksida sulpur), abu, NOx (oksida nitrogen) dan CO2 (dioksida karbon).Dengan teknologi pencucian batubara aliran pusar bubur kental magnetit, kadar abu dan sulpur batubara lignit masing - masing berkurang 51,21% dan 24,14% serta nilal kalor meningkat 25,54 %. Biaya pembangkitan listrik PLTU mulut tambang 200 MW dengan bahan bakar lignit cuci Rp.410,41 / kWjam dan dengan batubara lignit Rp. 353,59 / kWjam. Perbedaan biaya pembangkitan sebesar kurang lebih Rp 57,- / kWjam merupakan biaya cuci batubara lignit dan dapat dianggap sebagai biaya pengurangan polusi abu, sulpur dan biaya peningkatan nilal kalor batubara lignit.Peningkatan biaya pembangkitan ini dapat dihindari dengan langsung menggunakan batubara lignit sebagai bahan bakar PLTU mulut tambang tanpa dicuci.

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Low quality coal is a fossil fuel, largely deposited and spread in the world. Approximately 60 percent of Indonesian's coal deposits belong to this category.

Compared to other fossil fuels, coal has a negative environmental impact especially from chimney emissions. Chimney emissions of coal-fired power plant, disturbing ecosystems and human health are such as S02 (sulphur dioxide), ash, NO, (nitrogen oxide) and CO2 (carbon dioxide).

Using dense medium cyclone technology, ash and sulphur of lignite coal decreased 51,21% and 24,14% calorific value increased 25,54 %. Generating cost of a 200 MW mine-mouth washed lignite coal fired power plant is Rp. 410,41 / kWh and that of a 200 MW mine-mouth lignite coal fired power plant is Rp. 353,59 /kWh. The generation cost difference of about Rp. 57,- / kWh, is the cost of washing lignite coal and can be assumed ash and sulphur reduction cost and calorific value increasing cost.

Increased generation cost can be avoided by directly using lignite coal as mine-mouth fired power plant fuel without washing."

"Dalam menjalankan fungsinya rumah sakit dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bagi karyawan, pasien, pengunjung dan masyarakat. Berdasarkan survai 2001, 60% rumah sakit di DKI Jakarta baku mutu limbah cair yang dihasilkan masih belum memenuhi baku mutu dan hanya 10% rumah sakit yang melaksanakan pengelolaan dampak lingkungan rumah sakit.Penelitian dilakukan di DKI Jakarta selama bulan Juni sampai Juli 2002, dengan menggunakan rancangan potong lintang (Cross Sectional) terhadap 100 rumah sakit. Observasi dan wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner dilakukan terhadap rumah sakit yang meliputi faktor-faktor pelaksanaan pengelolaan dampak lingkungan Rumah Sakit, peraturan perundangan, struktur organisasi, pembinaan instansi berwenang, pengembangan sumber daya manusia, jenis rumah sakit, kepatuhan terhadap peraturan, manejemen lingkungan rumah sakit (kebijakan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemeriksaan dan pengkajian).Hasil uji Chi-square menunjukan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan pengelolaan dampak lingkungan rumah sakit yaitu struktur organisasi, pembinaan instansi berwenang, pengembangan sumber daya manusia, jenis rumah sakit, kepatuhan terhadap peraturan, manajemen lingkungan rumah sakit (kebijakan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemeriksaan dan pengkajian). Hasil analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang dominan berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan pengelolaan dampak lingkungan rumah sakit adalah pelaksanaan manejemen rumah sakit (X1XOR = 79,44), perencanaan pengelolaan lingkungan (X2}(OR w 52,68) dan jenis rumah sakit (X3)(OR = 18,86) dengan model persamaan Logit P (y) = 5,641 + 3,257X I + 2,444X2 + 2,224X3.Untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan kepatuhan terhadap peraturan perundangan hendaknya instansi berwenang melakukan inventarisasi produk peraturan perundangan yang berlaku dan desiminasi informasi peraturan tersebut. Dalam meningkatkan perencanaan rumah sakit bidang lingkungan, rumah sakit sebaiknya mempunyai SDM yang mengerti lingkungan. Peningkatan pelaksanaan pengelolaan dampak lingkungan dapat diupayakan melalui peningkatan kunj ungan supervise, pemantauan dan pemeriksaan serta bimbingan teknis pengelolaan lingkungan. Melaksanakan koordinasi lintas sektor terkait dalam penegakan hukum untuk mencegah pelanggaran berlanjut.Daftar bacaan : 19 (1985-2000)

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By doing its function, hospitals may cause health disturbance to the employee, patient, visitor, and the community. Based on the survey in 2001, 60% of the hospitals in DKI Jakarta still produce waste water that does not fulfill the standard and only 10% hospital that implement the environmental impact management.This study was held in DKI Jakarta from June until July 2002 using Cross Sectional design to 100 hospitals. Observation and interview by questionnaire on hospitals including hospitals environmental impact management implementation factors, rules, organization structure, institution that has competency to construct, human resources development, hospitals type, obedient on the rules, hospitals environmental management (policy, plan, implementation, inspection and examine).Chi-square result shows that factors associated with hospitals management implementation on environmental impact are organization structure, institution that has competency to construct, human resources development, hospitals type, obedient on the rules, hospitals environmental management (policy, plan, implementation, inspection and examine). Multiple logistic regression analysis result shows that dominant factor associated with hospitals management implementation on environmental impact are hospital management implementation (X,) (OR=79, 44), environment management plan (X2) (OR=52,68), and hospital type (X3) (OR= 18,86), with equation model: Logic P (y) -5,601 + 3,257 X, + 2,444 X2 + 2,224 X3.To increase the knowledge and obedient on the rules, the institution that has competency to construct should inventorying the rules product that is valid and disseminate the information on that rule. In order to increase the hospital plan on environment, the hospital should have the human resources that understand about environment. Raising the management implementation on environment impact can be striving for by increasing the supervision, to monitor and inspect and by giving a technical guidance on environment management. To prevent a continuing infraction, there should be cross sector coordination in law enforcement.References: 19 (1985-2000)"