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Abstrak :

ABSTRAK
Nama : Prisilia Oktaviyani
Program Studi : Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat
Judul : Analisis Tren Spasial-Temporal Kejadian Malaria berdasarkan Faktor
Lingkungan dan Kependudukan di Kabupaten Kapuas tahun 2013-2017
Pembimbing : Dr. Budi Hartono, S.Si., MKM
xviii + 127 halaman + 16 tabel + 15 gambar + 4 lampiran
Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasite Plasmodium dan ditularkan oleh
nyamuk Anopheles. Malaria merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang dihadapi
Indonesia dan dunia. Sehingga upaya pemberantasan malaria masuk dalam salah satu
tujuan dari Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui hubungan faktor lingkungan dan kependudukan terhadap kejadian malaria di
Kabupaten Kapuas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekologi yang dilakukan pada 17
kecamatan di Kabupaten Kapuas tahun 2013 – 2017. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian
ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari instansi terkait, yaitu Dinas Kesehatan
Kabupaten Kapuas, Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Kapuas dan BMKG Palangkaraya.
Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah topografi, curah hujan, luas perairan,
distribusi kelambu, dan kepadatan penduduk. Untuk variabel dependen adalah kejadian
malaria. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa variabel lingkungan yaitu topografi, curah
hujan, luas perairan, dan distribusi penduduk serta variabel kependudukan yaitu
kepadatan penduduk berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian malaria di
Kabupaten Kapuas tahun 2013-2017 (nilai p < 0,1). Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan
hubungan posistif antara variabel topografi, laus perairan, dan distribusi kelambu dengan
kejadian malaria. Sedangkan variabel curah hujan dan kepadatan penduduk menunjukkan
hubungan yang negative terhadap kejadian malaria. Perlu dilakukan usaha preventif
untuk mencegah kejadian malaria di Kabupaten Kapuas seperti memaksimalkan
distribusi kelambu melakukan penyemprotan di rumah transmigran, menyediakan
larvasida serta memperkuat data dasar malaria dengan pemetaan.
Kata kunci: Malaria, Faktor Lingkungan, Faktor Kependudukan

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ABSTRACT
Name : Prisilia Oktaviyani
Study Program : Public Health
Title : Spatial-Temporal Trend Analysis of Malaria Cases Based on
Environmental and Demography Factors in Kapuas Regency
2013-2017
Counsellor : Dr. Budi Hartono, S.Si., MKM
xviii + 127 pages + 16 tables + 15 figures + 4 attachments
Malaria is a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and is transmitted by the
Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is one of the health problems faced by Indonesia and the
world. So that efforts to eradicate malaria are included in one of the goals of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aims to determine the relationship of
environmental and population factors to the incidence of malaria in Kapuas District. This
study used ecological methods carried out in 17 sub-districts in Kapuas District in 2013 -
2017. The data used in this study were secondary data obtained from relevant agencies,
namely the Kapuas District Health Office, Kapuas Regency Central Bureau of Statistics
and BMKG Palangkaraya. The independent variables in this study were topography,
rainfall, water area, distribution of bed nets, and population density. For the dependent
variable is the incidence of malaria. The results of the analysis show that environmental
variables, namely topography, rainfall, water area, and population distribution and
population variables, namely population density are significantly associated with malaria
incidence in Kapuas District in 2013-2017 (p value <0.1). The results of the analysis also
showed positive relationships between the topographic, water, and netting distributions
with the incidence of malaria. While the rainfall and population density variables showed
a negative relationship to the incidence of malaria. Preventive efforts need to be made to
prevent the incidence of malaria in the Kapuas Regency, such as maximizing the
distribution of mosquito nets to spray in transmigrant homes, providing larvacides and
strengthening malaria baseline data by mapping.
Key words: Malaria, Environmental Factors, Demography Factor

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk melihat perilaku penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pada pekerja pengelasan industri Informan di jalan raya Bogor- Dermaga. Penelitian ini bersifat analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yaitu untuk melihat faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku penggunaan APD. Populasi Penelitian ini adalah seluruh pekerja pengelasan di Jalan Raya Bogor ? Dermaga. Penelitian ini sampel dipilih berdasarkan perilaku yang kurang baik dalam penggunaan APD. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 8 orang dari populasi 13 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam dan juga observasi lansung. Pengolahan data diolah dalam bentuk tekstular dan tabel. Tekstular digunakan sebagai kutipan jawaban dari informan sedangkan tabel digunakan untuk jawaban yang telah disimpulkan dan juga dianalisa. Penelitian ini mengacu pada konsep teori sosial kognitif dimana perilaku dipengaruhi oleh adanya faktor individu dan faktor lingkungan. Konsep ini digunakan dikarena cukup tepat dalam mengalisis perilaku penggunaan alat pelindung diri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pekerja pengelasan sektor informal masih tidak menggunakan APD dengan baik. Faktor lingkungan yang paling mempengaruhi perilaku pekerja pengelasan industri informal dalam penggunaan APD seperti peraturan, pengawasan dan fasilitas APD. Sedangkan faktor individu seperti pengetahuan, persepsi dan motivasi tidak begitu mempengaruhi perilaku pekerja dalam penggunaan APD. This research was conducted aiming to see the behavior of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to workers in the welding industry informants highway Bogor - Dermaga. This research is descriptive analysis using qualitative methods is to look at factor that influence the behavior of the factor the use of PPE. The study population as all workers welding on Jalan Raya Bogor - Dermaga. This study sample is selected on the basis of poor behavior the use of PPE. The sample in this study as many as eight people from the population of 13 people. Techniques of data collection is done trough in-depth interview direct observation. Processing of data processed in the form tekstular and tables. Tekstular used as a quote answers from informans while the table is used for the answer that have been conclude and were also analyzed. This study refers to the concept of social cognitive theory in which behavior is influenced by the presence of individual factors and environmental factors. This concept is used in analysis quite appropriate personal protective equipment usage behavior. The result showed that the majority of informal sector workers welding still do not use PPE properly. Environmental factor that most influence the behavior of the welding industry workers in the informal use of PPE such as regulation, supervision and facilities PPE. While individual factors such as knowledge, perception and motivation is not so affect the behavior of workers in the use of PPE.

Abstrak :
Spatial distribution and some ecological aspect of hermit-crabs pagurus spp. In the intertidal shore of Pulau Dua Natural reserve, Banten bay.Pulau Dua natural reserve,as a bird sanctuary, is now threatened by water pullution and environmental degradation. To monitor is condition,an observation of the biotic intertidal comunity has been taken. One of the biotic intertidal comunities is hermit-crab (Pagurus spp). There are two species of crabs, namely Pagurus granosimanus and Pagurus hursutiusculus. Their weight are 202.80 mg and 724.90 mg. and their body lenghts are 13.00 mm and 20.71 mm respectively.The spatial distribution of the species is contagious and cluster (V=16.84)>Environmental factors such as air and water temperature,pH and water salinity,were measured

Abstrak :
Epidemiologi malaria di desa Salubarana dan Kadaila, Kabupaten Mamuju, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia telah diteliti selama bulan Juli sampai December 2002 untuk mendapatkan data dasar yang berkaitan dengan faktor parasit, vektor, inang, dan lingkungan. Survei malariometrik bulanan selama kurun waktu 6 bulan menemukan suatu prevalensi malaria yang relatif tinggi di Kadaila dibandingkan dengan Salubarana. Kadaila terutama dihuni oleh transmigran dari Jawa, Bali, Lombok dan dari kabupaten lain di Sulawesi Selatan, sedangkan Salubarana dihuni oleh penduduk asli suku Mandar. Pada analisis 1.113 apusan darah yang diperoleh dari individu-individu yang dilibatkan secara acak pada survei ini ditemukan 59 positif malaria, terdiri dari Plasmodium falciparum dan P. vivax. Kedua spesies tersebut mendominasi apusan darah yang diperiksa dan kadang-kadang ditemukan sebagai infeksi campuran. Anopheles barbirostris dikonfirmasi sebagai vektor malaria pada kedua desa, sedangkan 7 spesies lainnya An. barbumbrosus, An. parangensis, An. vagus, An. crawfordi, An. pseudobarbirostris, An. tessellatus dan An. subpictus harus pula dipertimbangkan sebagai vektor. Di kedua desa, An. barbirostris mendominasi dan pada umumnya vektor ini menggunakan genangan air di sungai dan tanah sebagai tempat perindukan serta memiliki kebiasaan istirahat di dalam dan di luar rumah. Temuan-temuan ini dapat digunakan untuk penyusunan suatu program penanggulangan malaria yang berbasis bukti di daerah tersebut. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 252-8)

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Malaria epidemiology in Salubarana and Kadaila villages, Mamuju District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia was studied from July-December 2002 to obtain baseline data related to the parasite, mosquito vector, human host, and environmental factors. Monthly malariometric surveys conducted during the six- month period revealed a relatively high prevalence of malaria in Kadaila in comparison to Salubarana. Kadaila was mainly inhabited by migrants from Java, Bali, Lombok, and from other districts of South Sulawesi. Salubarana, on the other hand, was inhabited mainly by indigenous Mandarese. Analysis of 1,113 blood smears taken from individuals randomly involved in the survey revealed 59 positive samples, consisting of Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax. These two species predominated the samples examined and were occasionally found as mixed infection. Anopheles barbirostris was confirmed as a vector for malaria in this area whereas 7 other species An. barbumbrosus, An. parangensis, An. vagus, An. crawfordi, An. pseudobarbirostris, An. Tessellatus, and An. subpictus should be considered as potential vectors. The first mentioned species predominated, using mainly riverbeds and ground pools as breeding places with a habit of indoor or outdoor resting. These findings could be useful for establishing evidence-based malaria control program in the area. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 252-8)

Abstrak :
Down's syndrome is caused by chromosom abberation namely 21 trisomy. Skeletal and neurological disorders are found in Down's syndrome patient. Skeletal disorder may cause craniofacial growth abnormalities, where neurological disorder may cause brain growth defects which result in mental retardation, as well as neuromuscular disorder, which results in muscular hypotonia. The aim of this study was to prove that facial shape in Down's syndrome patient was not only influenced by genetic factor, but also by environmental factors such as cognitive capability, oral muscular exercises, and oral muscular tone. The population consisted of Down's syndrome children aged 14 to 18 years from sekolah Luar Biasa (Special School) in Jakarta. Samples used in the study consisted of 25 Down's syndrome patients. Clinical and cytogenetic test were conducted to ensure a diagnosis. Lateral cephalograms were made to analyze facial shape by Fourier analysis on gonion angle. lntelligence Quotient (lQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) tests, electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, oral function examination and speech therapy questionnaires to the respondents were performed. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that the genetic factor is the main factor causing Down's syndrome facial shape abnormalities. The environmental factors such as oral muscular tone cognitive capability, and oral muscular exercies may also play role in Down's syndrome facial shape.

Abstrak :
Environmental factors in connection with the TB Lung BTA (+) (case control study) in the city of Jambi 2000-2001As a living place, house is one of key basic need of human beings. A live able and healthy house is very important for people; a healthy one should fulfill health requirements such as physiological need, contagious disease and accident prevention. A sufficient lighting is a vital need of human in a cleaning house. The contagion of tuberculosis disease has tight relation to ventilation and lighting in the house. A house which doesn't have enough ventilation, a lack of lighting gives the bacteria an opportunity to breed, if there is a patient of tuberculosis in it, so it eases the contagion to other people living in it. TB Lungs Disease is still a problem of health; the generation of TB Lungs derives from contribution of some physical environment of house and respondents characteristics. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is generated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis germs; they usually enter the human body system via respiration to the lungs. The TB patients are much founded in unhealthy settlement, and lack of lighting and ventilation one that is under the health requirement. The objective of this research is to recognize the risk of contribution factors of physical environment of house and respondent characteristic toward TB Lungs patients in the city of Jambi. The methods of research design the control case. The samples were taken proportionally from 7 (seven) referred microscopic public health center (puskesmas), with 50 cases and 100 controls. The data are analyzed to verify hypotheses with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses phase. Independent research variables for respondents characteristics; age, gender, length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, and physical factors of house: ventilation, crowd of settlement, humidity, and lighting. The result of research shows respondents in Referred Microscopic Public Health Center (PRM); Pakuan Baru 26 % and 19 % controls, Putri Ayu 22% cases and 20% controls, Simpang Kawat 22% cases and 11 % controls. While PRM ; Koni, Simpang IV Sipin, Tanjung Pinang, and Olak Kemang 30% and 59 % controls. The result of bivariate analyses show the length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, ventilation, crowd of settlement, bedroom and living room lighting, that statistically have significant connection for the appearance of TB Lungs with Odd Ratio 2.7 value (p3.021), 2.6 (p:1.008), 3.9 (p=0.001), 4.6 (p=4.0000) 3.S(p=0.000). 3.3(p).001), and 2.3 (p=0.015). From the result of multivariate analyses it is proved that house ventilation is the most contributed variable that arranges room temperature quality for the appearance of TB Lungs, statistically it shows significant relation p < 0.05 with Odd Ration 8.8 (p=0.000). It is suggested that a healthy house program should be promoted based on environment to perish TB Lungs. The renovation of TB Lungs patient, mostly, by building windows and glass made roof utilization and also performing intensive information spreading about tuberculoses disease knowledge through direct or indirect information sharing.

Abstrak :
Kecamatan Nongsa merupakan daerah High Case Incidence (API > 5 %o ) untuk penyakit malaria dan di kecamatan ini terjadi perubahan lingkungan sebagai akibat penambangan pasir yang menimbulkan lubang-lubang bekas galian pasir yang potensial sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk penyebar malaria di sekitar pemukiman penduduk. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat faktor lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Nongsa Kota Batam. Disain yang digunakan adalah studi observasional kasus kontrol dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 107 kasus dan 107 kontrol dan menggunakan alat pengumpul data berupa kuesioner dan observasi di lapangan. Faktor lingkungan yang diteliti adalah faktor lingkungan fisik yaitu tempat perindukan nyamuk dengan variabel lubang galian pasir, rawa-rawa dan faktor sosio budaya dengan variabel pekerjaan/aktivitas pendidikan, status sosio ekonomi dan lama tinggal. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa ada hubungan antara lubang galian pasir yang berjarak kurang atau sama dengan 2 km dari pemukiman penduduk dengan kejadian 'malaria dengan p 'value 0,000 dan OR 3,184 (1,798-5,637), ada hubungan rawa-rawa dengan jarak yang sama dengan kejadian malaria dengan p value 0,001 dan OR 3,24 (1,650- 6,372) dan ada pengaruh lama tinggal dengan kejadian malaria setelah dikontrol oleh variabel lainnya dengan p value 0,010 dan OR 2,743 (1,271 - 5,921). Dari analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria adalah faktor lubang bekas galian pasir dengan jarak kurang atau lama dengan 2 km dari pemukiman penduduk.dengan OR 5,260 (2,663-10,389). Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa galian pasir sangat berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria. Untuk itu pengusaha atau masyarakat yang akan melakukan penggalian pasir harus memiliki izin dan pemerintah Kota Batam mengeluarkan Peraturan Daerah (Perda) yang berisi larangan menggali pasir dengan jarak kurang dari 2 km dari pemukiman penduduk, serta untuk puskesmas agar melaksanakan penyuluhan kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan sehingga masyarakat tahu bagaimana pencegahan malaria baik untuk diri sendiri maupun untuk keluarga. Daftar Pustaka : 39 (1963 - 2002)

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The Environmental Factors in Association with The Incidence of Malaria in Sub District Nongsa in Batam City in the Year 2002Sub district Nongsa is a high case incidence area (API > 5 %) of malaria disease. In this sub district, there was an environmental change as a result of sand mining which left such holes of the effects of the mining. The holes were potential for the place of mosquito proliferation as malaria disseminator to the population settlement. Therefore, there was a need to do some studies in order to know the related environmental factors with the incidents of malaria in the Sub District Nongsa of Batam City. The design used was observational study of case control with the number of sample 107 people for each case and control samples. The data was collected by using questionnaire and through field observation. The environmental factors studied were physical factors of the environment, that was the place for mosquito proliferation and variables of sand mining holes, swamps, and soscioculture factors with the variables of occupation/level of education, socioeconomic status and period of living. The result of the research showed that there was a relationship between sand mining holes, which were located 2 kilometers far away from the settlement with the incidences of malaria with p value 0,000 and OR 3,184 (1,798 - 5,637). There was a relationship between' swamps with similar distances with malaria incidences with with p value 0,001 and OR 3,24 (1,650 - 6,372) and there was an effect of the period of living and the incident of malaria after being controlled by other variables with with p value 0,010 and OR 2,743 (1,271 -- 5,921). From multivariate analysis, it was known that most dominant factor which associated with the incidences of malaria was the used holes of sand mining factor that their distance less than 2 kilometers from the community settlement with the OR 5,260 (2,663-10,389). The result of the study showed that sand mining was strongly associated with malaria incidences. Therefore, private sectors and public who want to do sand minings to apply the admission letter for sand mining and to the government of Batam City to issue the Provincial Regulations which contains the prohibition of sand mining which their location are less than 2 kilometers from the community settlement, and to the public health center to provide health illumination to the community about self and family prevention from the risk of malaria disease. References: 41 (1963-2002)

Abstrak :
ISPA merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri dan virus. Pada saluran pernapasan atas atau saluran pernapasan bawah. Bakteri dan virus penyebab penyakit ISPA umumnya ditransmisikan melalui udara yang tercemar.  Pada tahun 2017, penyakit ISPA di Kota Bekasi mencapai 34.573 jiwa. Pada tahun 2015-2017, penyakit ISPA menempati urutan pertama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan spasial antara faktor lingkungan dengan kejadian ISPA di Kota Bekasi tahun 2017. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu studi ekologi dengan analisis spasial dan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan spasial antara faktor lingkungan dengan kejadian ISPA di Kota Bekasi tahun 2017, tetapi terdapat wilayah yang memiliki faktor lingkungan yang tinggi dan kasus ISPA yang rendah atau sebaliknya, sehingga jumlah faktor lingkungan dengan kasus ISPA di Kota Bekasi tidak linear sehingga hal tersebut tidak dapat dijadikan patokan dalam menentukan peringatan dini (early warning) terhadap kasus ISPA di Kota Bekasi secara spasial. Dinas Kesehatan agar menjalin kerjasama lintas sektor dengan Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil, Dinas Perumahan, Kawasan Permukiman dan Pertanahan, Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian dan Dinas Perhubungan untuk menekan angka kasus ISPA di Kota Bekasi.

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ARI is a communicable disease caused by bacteria and viruses in the upper respiratory tract infection or lower respiratory tract infection. Bacteria and viruses that causes ARI are generally transmitted by polluted air. In 2017, ARI cases in Bekasi have reached 34.573 people. Between 2015-2017, ARI in Bekasi City places 1st on communicable disease. The research is aimed to spatial relationships between environmental factors and ARI cases in Bekasi City 2017. It then uses an ecological study with spatial analysis from secondary data. The results showed is a spatial relationship between environmental factors and ARI cases in Bekasi City 2017, but there are some villages that have high environmental  factors and low ARI cases. In spatially, data about environmental factors and ARI cases in Bekasi City is not linear so that it can not be used a bechmark in determine early warnings/predictions of ARI cases in Bekasi City. Dinas Kesehatan Bekasi must establish cross-sector coorperation with Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil, Dinas Perhubungan, Dinas Perumahan, Kawasan Permukiman dan Pertanahan and Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian to reduce ARI cases in Bekasi City.