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Abstrak :
Masalah gigi berlubang atau karies masih banyak dikeluhkan oleh anak-anak dan dewasa dan tidak bisa dibiarkan hinggah parah yang akan menimbulkan masalah kesehatan misalnya infeksi, kronis, ketidaknyamanan, dan kecacatan pada gigi dan mulut. Rata-rata pasien ke dokter gigi mengalami kerusakan gigi karies yang sudah parah, tingginya keparahan karies gigi di Indonesia menyebabkan besarnya kebutuhan perawatan yang kompleks mulai dari tindakan pencegahan sampai dengan perawatan saluran akar (endodontik). Perawatan karies pulpa yaitu perawatan saluran akar (endodontik) mempunyai resiko tinggi dalam kecelakaan medis. Pada masa Covid-19 telah mengubah sistem perawatan kesehatan yang ada di seluruh dunia, terutama tindakan kedokteran gigi yaitu endodontik yang sangat rentan tertular Covid-19. Di Indosesia kasus Covid-19 masih sangat tinggi dan berefek langsung pada dokter gigi, disisi lain dokter gigi dituntut harus menjalani sikap profesional dalam melayani pasiennya. Pada penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profesional dokter gigi umum dalam penatalaksanaan karies pulpa saat pandemi Covid-19 di Kota Makassar dan Kabupaten Gowa, Indonesia. Metodenya subjeknya yaitu dokter gigi dari Persatuan Dokter Gigi Indonesia (PDGI) Cabang Makassar dan PDGI Gowa yang berpraktek pada masa Covid-19. Kuisioner Online diberikan kepada dokter gigi, dan sebanyak 231 responden penelitian ini. Uji statistic untuk melihat gambaran Pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku profesional dokter gigi dalam penatalaksanaan karies pulpa saat pandemi Covid-19 di Kota Makasaar dan Kabupaten Gowa (N=231). Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 231 responden, ditemukan sebanyak 126 (54.5%) responden menunjukkan Perilaku Baik sedangkan Perilaku Kurang hanya 105 (45.5%) responden, Sikap Baik sebanyak 165 (71.4%) sedangkan Sikap Kurang hanya 66 (28.6%) responden dan Pengetahuan Baik sebanyak 204 (88.3%) sedangkan Pengetahuan Kurang hanya 27 (11.7%) responden. Pengaruh perilaku profesional dokter gigi dalam penatalaksanaan karies pulpa saat pandemi Covid-19 di Kota Makasaar dan Kabupaten Gowa dan sekitar 45.5 % dokter gigi yang perilakunya kurang dalam melakukan perawatan saluran akar gigi dimasa Covid-19. Maka dari itu PDGI sebagai organisasi profesi dokter gigi mengevaluasi anggotanya dan melakukan sosialisasi tentang profesional dalam praktek kedokteran gigi dimasa Covid-19 ......The problem of cavities or caries is still a lot of complaints by children and adults and cannot be allowed to get worse which will cause health problems such as infection, chronic, discomfort, and defects in the teeth and mouth. The average patient to the dentist experiences severe carious tooth decay, the high severity of dental caries in Indonesia causes the need for complex treatment ranging from preventive measures to root canal (endodontic) treatment. Treatment of pulp caries, namely root canal (endodontic) treatment, has a high risk of medical accidents. In times of Covid-19has changed the existing health care system around the world, especially dentistry, namely endodontics which is very vulnerable to contracting Covid-19. In Indonesia, Covid-19 cases are still very high and have a direct effect on dentists, on the other hand dentists are required to undergo a professional attitude in serving their patients. In this study, to find outprofessional general dentist in the management of pulp caries during the Covid-19 pandemic in Makassar City and Gowa Regency, Indonesia.The method is subject to dentists from the Indonesian Dental Association (PDGI) Makassar Branch and PDGI Gowa who practiced during the Covid-19 period. Online questionnaires were given to dentists, and as many as 231 respondents in this study.A statistical test to see a description of the knowledge, attitudes, and professional behavior of dentists in the management of pulp caries during the Covid-19 pandemic in Makassar City and Gowa Regency (N=231). In this study, it was found that out of 231 respondents, it was found that 126 (54.5%) respondents showed good behavior while poor behavior was only 105 (45.5%) respondents, good attitude was 165 (71.4%) while poor attitude was only 66 (28.6%) respondents and Good Knowledge is 204 (88.3%) while Poor Knowledge is only 27 (11.7%) respondents. The influence of professional behavior of dentists in the management of pulp caries during the Covid-19 pandemic in Makassar City and Gowa Regency and about 45.5% of dentists whose behavior was lacking in carrying out root canal treatment during the Covid-19 period. Therefore, PDGI as a dental professional organization evaluates its members and conducts socialization about professionals in dental practice during the Covid-19 period.

Abstrak :
The second edition of Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach offers a fully revised and updated review of pediatric dentistry. This important text covers the full spectrum of the subject, basing itself in the clinical practice of the dental treatment of children and adolescents and providing a special emphasis on evidence-based oral health care for young people. Pediatric Dentistry provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of treatment for children, ranging from health promotion and prevention to strategies for systematic and comprehensive oral care. Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach follows a logical approach, covering major dental and oral diseases and their diagnosis and management in children and adolescents, including caries, periodontal and endodontic conditions, and TMJ disorders. The book also discusses a number of dental and oral conditions that relate more directly to childhood, such as dental erosion, traumatic injuries to the teeth, pain control, and treatment of physically and mentally disabled children. Topics such as dental, physical, intellectual and emotional development are also thoroughly reviewed. Pediatric Dentistry will provide students of dentistry, as well as pediatric dentists and dentists involved in the treatment of young patients, with a uniquely clear, comprehensive, and clinical approach to the dental treatment of children and adolescents.

Abstrak :
Kerusakan gigi molar satu rahang atas frekuensinya cukup tinggi dan sering disertai kelainan pulpa. Perawatan saluran akar pada gigi ini memerlukan keterampilan yang ditunjang oleh pengetahuan anatomi dan morfologi a.1. panjang gigi, bentuk penampang saluran akar, jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan letak orifis. Dalam perawatannya sering dijumpai kesulitan menentukan letak apeks, karena pedoman ukuran yang ada berdasarkan ukuran gigi orang Amerika atau Eropa. Belum ada pedoman yang berdasarkan ukuran-gigi orang Indonesia. Dari sampel 50 gigi molar satu atas yang dicabut dari klinik gigi di Jakarta, diukur panjang gigi dari masing-masing apeks akar Palatal, Mesio Bukal, Disto Bukal ke bidang oklusal dengan mikrometer. Dihitung jumlah akar, jumlah saluran akar, dan dicatat bentuk penampang saluran akar 5 mm dari apeks, dan konfigurasi letak oriifis. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh panjang gigi rata-rata dari apeks akar palatal 19,47 mm, dari apeks akar mesio bukal 19,14 mm dari apeks akar disto bukal 18,41 mm. Dari hasil pengamatan, semua gigi mempunyai tiga akar, dan diperoleh lebih banyak gigi dengan tiga saluran akar (98 %). Dari gambaran konfigurasi letak orifis diperoleh bentuk (60 %), lebih banyak dibanding bentuk "Y" (16 %) dan bentuk "T" (18 %). Dari pengamatan bentuk penampang saluran akar, terbanyak diperoleh bentuk bulat pada akar disto bukal (82 %), dan bentuk elips pada akar palatal (36 7). Selain itu diperoleh pula bentuk ginjal padaakar disto bukal (4%), dan bentuk pipih pada akar mesio bukal (14 %).

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Fokus disinfeksi saluran akar telah berubah dari disinfeksi agresif menjadi seleksi protektif dalam prosedur regeneratif endodontik. Larutan irigasi sintetik yang digunakan hingga saat ini toksik terhadap sel punca pulpa, salah satunya yang memiliki kemampuan proliferasi dan transdiferensiasi tinggi adalah hDPSCs. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian terkait disinfeksi berbahan alami yang mampu mempertahankan viabilitas sel punca terus berkembang pesat. Salah satu larutan irigasi alami yang bersifat antimikrobial dan agen kelator adalah larutan cuka apel. Untuk menjadikannya obat herbal terstandar hingga fitofarmaka, perlu diidentifikasi kelompok senyawa kimia dan uji viabilitas hDPSCs. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh larutan cuka apel berbagai konsentrasi terhadap viabilitas hDPSCs Metode: hDPSCs ditambahkan DMEM+FBS10% (kontrol negatif), EDTA 17% (kontrol positif), larutan cuka apel dengan konsentrasi 2,5%, 5%, dan 10% dengan enam kali pengulangan. Selanjutnya, persentase viabilitas hDPSCs didapat dari MTT assays melalui microplate reader dalam nilai absorbansi. Data kemudian diolah statistik melalui uji parametrik One-way ANOVA. Hasil: Nilai rerata viabilitas sel hDPSC pada semua kelompok perlakuan bernilai diatas 70% sehingga tidak toksik menurut standar ISO dengan rerata viabilitas tertinggi pada kelompok 2,5% dan terendah pada kelompok EDTA 17% diikuti kelompok 10%. Kesimpulan: Larutan cuka apel dapat diidentifikasi kelompok senyawa kimia dan nilai viabilitas sel paling tinggi pada konsentrasi 2,5%. ......Background: Focus on root canals disinfection have shift from aggressive to protective selection in regenerative endodontic procedures. Synthetic root canals irrigation that had been used until now are toxic toward pulp stem cells, one of them, hDPSCs which have higher proliferation and transdifferentiation ability. Therefore, research on natural disinfection which maintain stem cell viability keep developing rapidly. One of the natural disinfection that has antimicrobial effect and chelating agent is apple cider vinegar. To standardized it as modern medicine, need to identify group of chemical compounds and analyzing the viability percentage of hDPSCs. Objective: Analyze the impact of apple cider vinegar solution in various concentrations on viability of hDPSCs. Methods: hDPSCs were given DMEM+FBS10% (negative control), 17% EDTA (positive control), apple cider vinegar solution in 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentrations with six repetitions. Percentage viability of hDPSCs were analyze from MTT assays with microplate reader in absorbance value. Then, data were proccessed statictically with parametric One-way ANOVA. Results: The average viability of hDPSCs were above 70% which considered non-toxic according to ISO, with the highest cells viability in 2.5% and the lowest cells viability in 17% EDTA followed by 10% groups. Conclusion: Apple cider vinegar solution’s chemical compounds can be identified with the highest cells viability were at 2.5%.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 74-78 The failure of endodontic treatment is commonly caused by errors in preoperative, operative and postoperative endodontic treatment. Inadequate final restoration of post-endodontic treatment would impact the success of the treatment. Loose restoration is an example of restoration failure caused by inadequate retention which leads to penetration of saliva along the root canal.This could dissolve the luting cement and cause microleakage to constantly reach the periradicular areas. lf neglecled, this situation will result in a periradicular lesion. Endodontic retreatment was performed to resolve the failing restoration. The restoration failed due to inadequate retention. The treatment was needed to prevent more problems to occur sometime in the future.

Abstrak :
Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 62-68 An inadequate endodontic treatment may affect the root canat system and spread beyond its apical foramina that elicit periodontal tissue developing into abcess, granuloma and radicular cyst. Periapical lesions can be treated with non surgical endodontic treatment using calcium hydroxide dressing. This case study is reporting teeth 11 with periapical lesions and infection. Evidence of a clinical healing and radiographic assessments were followed by a non surgical endodontic therapy. Successful treatment outcome is related to the elimination of infection agents from the root canal. This can activate a stimulation zone to promote regeneration. Calcium hydroxide used as a root canal dressing may promote alkalinity at the adjacent tissue, create favourable enviromental condition in which hard tissue formation can occur, interfere the bactericidal activity, increase mineralization, and induce healing.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik regeneratif (ER) adalah perawatan yang dirancang untuk menggantikan struktur gigi yang rusak secara fisiologis. Penggunaan medikamen pada prosedur perawatan ER menggunakan Calcium hydroxide yang telah ditentukan sebagai bahan medikamen utama yang ditetapkan American Association of Endodontik (AAE). Bahan medikamen lainnya seperti Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) juga banyak digunakan pada perawatan ER dalam konsentrasi 1 mg/ml. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya terhadap sel punca pulpa.Cs) yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD 90 98%, CD 105 88,7%, CD 73 94%, LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam,  diberikan perlakuan berupa Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dan kombinasi Ca(OH)2dan TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dengan DMEM sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan viabilitas dan sitotoksisitas hDPSCs dengan uji kuantitatif MTT assay dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan DAPI. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan sitotoksisitas kombinasi medikamen Ca(OH)2 + TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan Ca(OH)2 + TAP 1 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan TAP 1 mg/ml terhadap sel punca pulpa. Kesimpulan: Bahan medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya tidak toksik terhadap sel punca pulpa. ......Background: Regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) is a treatment designed to replace damaged tooth structure physiologically. In regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) procedures, the medicament used is calcium hydroxide, which has been determined as the primary medicament recommended by the American Association of Endodontics (AAE). Another medicament used in ER treatment is Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), typically at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination on dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods: Primary human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), which have reached 80% confluence (tested for stem cell markers CD90 98%, CD105 88.7%, CD73 94%, LinNeg 0.5%), and have reached passages 3rd to 4th, were subjected to 24-hour starvation. They were then treated with Ca(OH)2, TAP at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/ml, and a combination of Ca(OH)2 and TAP at the same concentrations, with DMEM as the control. The viability and cytotoxicity of hDPSCs were observed using the quantitative MTT assay and qualitative DAPI staining. Results: There was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity between the combination of Ca(OH)2+ TAP 0.1 mg/ml and Ca(OH2 + TAP 1 mg/ml compared to Ca(OH)2  0.1 mg/ml and TAP 1 mg/ml in dental pulp stem cells. Conclusion: The medicaments Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination are not toxic to dental pulp stem cells.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: American Association of Endodontist (AAE) (2021) menganjurkan penggunaan irigasi NaOCl 1,5% - 3% dan EDTA 17% pada prosedur regeneratif endodontik. Namun, kedua larutan irigasi tersebut memiliki efek terhadap sel punca dan jaringan dentin. Oleh karena itu bahan pengganti bersumber dari bahan alami mulai diteliti, salah satunya adalah cuka apel. Tujuan: Menganalis efek larutan cuka apel berbagai konsentrasi dan larutan irigasi sintetik terhadap topografi dan kekasaran permukaan dentin saluran akar. Metode: 28 spesimen dentin setebal 1 mm dibagi random pada 7 kelompok, lalu tiap kelompok terdiri dari 4 spesimen. Spesimen dentin direndam dengan aquades, NaOCl 1,5%, NaOCl 2,5%, EDTA 17%, larutan cuka apel 2,5%, 5% dan 10% dengan volume 1,8 ml selama 1 menit. Pengamatan topografi dan analisis kekasaran permukaan dentin saluran akar dilakukan dengan mikroskop digital. Hasil: Terdapat efek larutan cuka apel berbagai konsentrasi dan larutan irigasi sintetik terhadap topografi dan kekasaran permukaan dentin saluran akar yang dievaluasi dengan mikroskop digital. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan efek larutan cuka apel konsentrasi 2,5%, 5% dan 10% dibandingkan dengan NaOCl 1,5%, 2,5% dan EDTA 17% terhadap kekasaran permukaan dentin saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Larutan cuka apel memiliki efek terhadap kekasaran permukaan dentin saluran akar. Nilai rerata kekasaran permukaan terendah adalah cuka apel 2,5% walaupun nilainya tidak berbeda bermakna dengan larutan uji lainnya. ......Background: The American Association of Endodontist (AAE) (2021) recommends the use of 1.5% - 3% NaOCl irrigation and 17% EDTA in regenerative endodontic procedures. However, these two irrigant solutions had an effect on stem cells and dentine tissue. Therefore, substitutes derived from natural ingredients have begun to be researched, one of which is apple vinegar. Objective: To analyze the effect of various concentrations of apple vinegar and synthetic irrigation solutions on topography and surface roughness of root canal dentin Method: 28 specimens of 1 mm thick dentin were randomly devided into 7 groups, then each group consisted of 4 specimens. Dentin specimens were immersed in distilled water, 1.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 2.5%, 5% and 10% apple vinegar solution with 1.8 ml volume of solution for 1 minute. The topography and surface roughness observation was carried out using digital microscope. Results: There was effect of apple vinegar solutions with various concentrations and synthetic irrigant solutions on topography and surface roughness of root canal dentin evaluated by digital microscopy. However, there was no difference in the effect of apple vinegar solution concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% compared to 1.5%, 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA on surface roughness of root canal dentin. Conclusion: Apple vinegar solution has an effect on surface roughness of root canal dentin. The lowest average surface roughness value was 2.5% apple vinegar, although the value was not significantly different from the other test solutions.