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Abstrak :
Endocrinologists have engaged in this new method and have thus acquired many new and sophisticated tools. Without these advances in molecular biological tools, could we have imagined, for example, that variants of the leptin receptor missing the part for signal transductionmight still serve as a vehicle for leptin uptake through the blood–brain barrier? In this book, we aim to integrate such new results into an enhanced understanding of endocrinology.

Abstrak :
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been recognized primarily as autocrine/paracrine factors that regulate embryonic development and organogenesis. However, recent studies have revealed that some FGFs function as endocrine factors and regulate various metabolic processes in adulthood. Such FGFs, collectively called endocrine FGFs, are comprised of three members (FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23: FGF15 is the mouse ortholog of human FGF19). These endocrine FGFs share a common structural feature that enables the endocrine mode of action at the expense of the affinity to FGF receptors. To restore the affinity to FGF receptors in their target organs, the endocrine FGFs have designated the Klotho family of transmembrane proteins as obligate co-receptors. By expressing Klothos in a tissue-specific manner, this unique co-receptor system also enables the endocrine FGFs to specify their target organs among many tissues that express FGF receptors.