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"BackgroundHepatic encephalopathy is found in 50-70% cases of liver cirrhosis. Management of hepatic encephalopathy is based on the hypothesis of ammonia and false neurotransmitters. A vegetable diet is the diet of choice, since vegetable proteins have a high biological value, contains non-ammonigenic essential amino acids, and contains fiber. The results of soy fermentation by Rhizopus sp can increase the nutritional value to make it easier for body digestion.Study aimTo determine improvements in hepatic encephalopathy by measuring the ammonium level and determining the psychometric test in patients with liver cirrhosis receiving a tempe diet compared to those receiving a liver diet (conventional diet).MethodThis is a random open clinical trial with a proportional stratification according to the Child Pugh criteria. Study subjects are patients with liver cirrhosis who are hospitalized at the Internal Medicine Ward and ambulatory patients at the out-patient Gastro-hepatology Polyclinic of Dr. Sarjito Public General Hospital, from January 1999 to May 2000. The trial was conducted for 20 days, where the first (trial) group was given a tempe diet, while the second (control) group was given liver diet Will (conventional). Measured outcomes include peripheral blood ammonium level, and psychometric test using the Numeric Connection Test (NCT).ResultsIn the first group, we found a significant reduction of ammonium level in Child-Pugh A patients and a non-significant reduction in Child-Pugh B/C patients, a non-significant psychometric test improvement in Child-Pugh A patients, and significant psychometric test improvement in Child-Pugh B/C patients. In group II: there is no significant difference in the changes in ammonium level or psychometric test in patients from both Child-Pugh categories.ConclusionA 20-day tempe diet can reduce ammonium levels and improve results on the psychometric test. Key words: liver cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, tempe diet, numeric connection test, Child-Pugh criteria"

"Background: alcohol may have additional neurotoxic ill-effects in patients with alcohol related cirrhosis apart from hepatic encephalopathy. We aimed to evaluate minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) with Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy (PHES) score and Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) in alcohol (ALD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related (NASH) related cirrhosis. Methods: 398 patients were screened between March 2016 and December 2018; of which 71 patients were included in ALD group and 69 in NASH group. All included patients underwent psychometric tests which included number connection test A and B (NCT-A and NCT-B), serial dot test (SDT), digit symbol test (DST), line tracing test (LTT) and CFF. MHE was diagnosed when their PHES was <-4. Results: the prevalence of MHE was significantly higher in ALD group compared to NASH (69.01% vs 40.58%; P=0.007). The performance of individual psychometric tests was significantly poorer in ALD (P<0.05). Overall sensitivity and specificity of CFF was 76.62% (95%CI 65.59 – 85.52) and 46.03% (95%CI 33.39 – 59.06) respectively. Mean CFF was significantly lower in ALD than NASH (37.07 (SD 2.37) vs 39.05 (SD 2.40), P=0.001); also in presence of MHE (36.95 (SD 2.04) vs 37.96 (SD 1.87), P=0.033) and absence of MHE (37.34 (SD 3.01) vs 39.79 (SD 2.46), P=0.001). Conclusion: MHE is significantly more common in patients with ALD cirrhosis than NASH counterparts. Overall CFF values are less in alcohol related cirrhosis than NASH related cirrhosis, even in presence or absence of MHE. We recommend additional caution in managing MHE in ALD cirrhosis."

"Because of the increasing burden of hepatitis C and fatty liver disease, there is an explosion in the prevalence of chronic liver failure and hence its complications. The onset of Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) in these patients has a significant impact on the quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the approach observed by most clinicians to this complex disorder is minimalistic.This book provides a comprehensive review on pathophysiology and clinically important aspects in HE. Topics in basic physiology, nitrogen metabolism, new insights into pathogenesis and brain edema are covered in great detail. The authors have made a special effort by simplifying the complex aspects of pathogenesis and diagnosis so that it can be easily understood and applied clinically. This volume also focuses on recent developments regarding diagnoses of subtle forms of HE, also known as minimal or covert HE as well as on new treatments. Hepatic Encephalopathy will be of great value to gastroenterologists, hepatologists, pathologists, medical residents, fellows, internists and general practitioners who treat patients with hepatic encephalopathy."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Status epileptikus non konvulsivus SENK merupakan salah satu diagnosis banding pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran termasuk pada ensefalopati metabolik EM . Luaran pasien EM dengan SENK masih belum banyak diteliti.Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan disain potong lintang terhadap pasien EM dengan gambaran elektroensefalogram EEG SENK berdasarkan kriteria Salzburg yang dirawat di ruang emergensi, ruang rawat intensif, dan ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunksumo pada bulan Juli 2016-Juli 2017. Pasien dilakukan pencatatan, pemeriksaan EEG, dan observasi hingga akhir perawatan atau 30 hari perawatan. Luaran dinilai dalam mortalitas dan status fungsional dalam modified Rankin scale mRS yang dibagi menjadi baik mRS 0-2 dan buruk 3-5 . Analisa bivariat dilakukan untuk mencari faktor demografis, klinis, dan elektrografis yang berpotensi mempengaruhi luaran.Hasil: Dari total 32 subjek penelitian, didapatkan mortalitas sebesar 40,6 . Dari 19 subjek hidup, 84,2 memiliki status fungsional buruk. Pada subjek yang meninggal, 84,6 memiliki latar belakang teta, 100 tidak responsif terhadap suara, 92,3 tidak responsif terhadap nyeri, dan 76,9 memiliki gambaran aktivitas delta/teta ritmik dengan frekuensi >0,5Hz. Sepsis dan jumlah etiologi penurunan kesadaran memiliki berpotensi mempengaruhi luaran subjek p0,5Hz. Sepsis dan jumlah etiologi berpotensi mempengaruhi luaran.Kata kunci: luaran; mortalitas; status fungsional; ensefalopati metabolik; status epileptikus non konvulsivus

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ABSTRACTBackground Nonconvulsive status epilepticus NCSE is one of the important differential diagnoses in patients with altered consciousness including metabolic encephalopathy ME . The outcome of ME patients with NCSE has not been studied extensively.Method This is an observational cross sectional study in ME patients with NCSE based on EEG findings that fulfilled the Salzburg criteria treated in the emergency, intensive care, and inpatient units of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital in July 2016 July 2017. Subjects underwent documentation, EEG recording, and observation until discharge or 30 days of treatment. Outcome was measured in mortality and functional status in modified Rankin scale divided into favorable mRS 0 2 and poor mRS 3 5 . Bivariate analysis was done to find the potential demographic, clinical, and electrographic factors to influence outcome.Result Out of total 32 subjects, the mortality rate was 40.6 . From 19 survivors, 84,2 had poor functional status. In fatal subjects, 84.6 had theta background rhythm, 100 unresponsive to sound, 92.3 unresponsive to pain, and 76.9 had rhythmic delta theta activity 0.5Hz. Sepsis and the number of etiologies causing altered consciousness had the potential to influence outcome p0.5Hz. Sepsis and the number of etiologies had the potential to influence outcome.Keywords mortality functional status metabolic encephalopathy nonconvulsive status epilepticus"

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Ensefalopati hepatikum minimal (EHM) adalah spektrum teringan dari abnormalitas neuropsikologis yang merupakan komplikasi dari sirosis hati yang berimplikasi pada kualitas hidup pasien. Namun, saat ini modalitas untuk mendiagnosis EHM masih terbatas. Salah satu modalitas pemeriksaan EHM adalah Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF), namun tidak semua fasilitas kesehatan memiliki alat ini. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) adalah suatu sistem skoring yang dikembangkan untuk mengetahui prognosis pasien yang akan menerima transplantasi hati dan berdasarkan beberapa studi, berkorelasi dengan EHM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara MELD dengan CFF pada pasien sirosis hati.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang. Pengambilan data dilakukan sejak Maret hingga Mei 2016 di poliklinik Hepatologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Kriteria inklusi meliputi pasien sirosis hati dengan nilai GlasgowComa Scale (GCS) 15. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi pasien dengan ensefalopati hepatikum, hematemesis melena, stroke, gangguan penglihatan dan sirosis alkoholik, Subjek penelitian kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan alat CFF dan dihitung skor MELD masing masing.Hasil: Sebanyak 60 pasien memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Didapatkan 28 pasien tanpa EHM dan 32 pasien dengan EHM. Rata rata usia pasien 54,8 tahun. Jumlah hepatitis terbanyak adalah hepatitis B sejumlah 34 pasien dan skor Child Pugh terbanyak adalah Child Pugh A sebanyak 39 pasien. Nilai rerata CFF 36,9 ± 8,57 Hz dan skor MELD 10,3 ± 3,6. Didapatkan nilai r -0,097.Simpulan: Tidak terdapat korelasi antara skor MELD dan skor CFF.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is the mildest spectrum of neuropsychological abnormality as a complication of liver cirrhosis which has implication in quality of life. Meanwhile, there are only few modalities to diagnose MHE. One of them is Critical Flicker Frequency(CFF), but this modality is not available in every health center. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-a scoring system developed to determine the prognosis of patients who receive liver transplant-is correlated with EHM according to several studies. This study aimed to determine the correlation between MELD with CFF in cirrhotic patients.

Method:

This was a cross sectional study. Data were collected from March until May 2016 in Hepatological outclinic RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Inclusion criteria consist of cirrhosis pasien with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 15. Exclution criteria consist of patient with hepatic encephalopathy, hematemesis melena, stroke, visual impairment, and alcoholic cirrhosis. All subjects were examined using CFF and MELD scores.

Results:

A total of 60 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. There are 28 patients with EHM and 32 patients without EHM. r value of -0,097. The mean age were 54.8 years old. Most subjects were diagnosed with hepatitis B (34 patients) and most subjects were scored A based on Child Pugh scoring(39 patients). Mean value of CFF and MELD are 36,9 ±8,57 Hz and 10,3 ±3,6 consecutively. The correlation score between two modalities were r -0,097.

Conclusion:

There was no correlation between MELD score and CFF score."

"Latar belakang : Preeklamsia merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu dan bayi yang masih tergolong cukup tinggi di dunia. Preeklamsia menduduki kedua tertinggi sebesar 14% penyebab kematian ibu. Penyebab kematian bayi pada masa neonatus sebesar 78,5% disebabkan oleh asfiksia, bayi berat lahir rendah dan infeksi. Salah satu akibat hal tersebut dikarenakan faktor maternal seperti preeklamsia. Luaran neonatal dengan kasus preeklamsia yaitu pertumbuhan janin terhambat, gangguan darah (Trombositopenia), gangguan sistem saraf pusat (hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy, cerebral palsy), gangguan organ pernafasan (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome) serta gangguan saluran pencernaan (NEC).Tujuan : Mengetahui adakah perbedaan luaran neonatal pada kelahiran preterm dengan preeklamsia dibandingkan dengan kelahiran preterm tanpa preeklamsia.Metode : penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan menggunakan metode case-control. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara consecutive sampling. Subjek penelitian ini merupakan neonatal dari kelahiran preterm di usia kehamilan kurang dari 37 minggu yang dilakukan di RSCM. Data yang didapatkan dianalisis secara bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya preeklamsia pada kelahiran preterm dengan bayi yang mengalami hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy (HIE), broncopulmonary syndrome (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) dan necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) selama masa perinatal.Hasil : Dari 2.750 subjek yang diteliti dari tahun 2015 hingga 2018 didapatkan luaran neonatal preterm dari ibu yang mengalami Preklamsia sebanyak 455 subjek (16,5%) dibandingkan ibu yang tidak mengalami Preeklamsia sebanyak 2295 subjek (83,5%). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk seluruh gangguan luaran neonatus preterm yaitu hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy dengan nilai p = 0,002, OR 3,84, CI95% 1,61-9,17, broncopulmonary syndrome dengan nilai p = 0,04, OR 1,87, CI95% 1,03-3,42, respiratory distress syndrome dengan nilai p < 0,0001, OR 5,51 CI95% 4,35-6,98 dan necrotizing entercolitis dengan nilai p< 0,001, OR 2,22 CI95% 1,5-3,17.Kesimpulan : Terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk seluruh gangguan luaran neonatus preterm berupa hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy (HIE), broncopulmonary syndrome (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) dan necrotizing entercolitis (NEC) pada ibu dengan preeclampsia.

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Background: Preeclampsia is one of major causes of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in the world. Preeclampsia is the second highest causes maternal death. Factors of death in infants are due to asphyxia, low birth weight and infections. One of the reasons causing infant death are maternal factors such as preeclampsia. Neonatal outcomes with maternal preeclampsia are fetal growth restriction, trombositopenia, nervous system disorder (hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy, cerebral palsy), respiratory disorder (broncopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome), and digestive tract disorder (necrotizing enterocolitis).

Objective : To investigate whether there are differences of preterm neonatal outcomes in cases with and without preeclampsia.

Method : This study is an observational analytic study using case-control method and consequtive sampling. The subject of this study was preterm neonatal outcomes at gestational age less than 37 weeks in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The data then bivariately analyzed in order to determine preterm neonatal outcomes in cases with and without preeclampsia with hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy (HIE), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and necrotizinf enterocolitus (NEC) on perinatal period.

Result : Two-thousand and seventy hundred fifty subjects from 2015 until 2018 was studied, preterm infants with preeclampsic mother were 455 subjects (16,5%) and without preeclampsia is 2295 subjects (82,4%). There were significant relationship between preeclampsia with hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy ( p = 0,002, OR 3,84, CI95% 1,61-9,17) broncopulmonary syndrome (p = 0,04, OR 1,87, CI95% 1,03-3,42), respiratory distress syndrome (p < 0,0001, OR 5,51 CI95% 4,35-6,98) and necrotizing entercolitis (p< 0,001, OR 2,22 CI95% 1,5-3,17).

Conclusion : There were significant relationship between preeclampsia with neonatal outcame hypoxic ischemic ensephalopathy (HIE), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and necrotizif enterocolitus (NEC)."

"Latar Belakang: Asam lemak rantai pendek (SCFA) merupakan metabolit utama yang diproduksi di kolon, hasil dari fermentasi bakteri terhadap serat dan resistant starch. SCFA diperkirakan memiliki peran pada patogenesis ensefalopati hepatik (EH), meskipun mekanisme yang mendasarinya belum sepenuhnya dimengerti. Disbiosis mikrobiota yang terjadi pada sirosis mengubah komposisi SCFA pada feses dan berperan dalam patogenesis EH.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan proporsi SCFA feses pasien sirosis yang mengalami EH dan non EH.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilaksanakan di Klinik Hepatobilier dan Ruang Prosedur Terpadu, IPINB Hepatobilier RSUP Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta periode 2023. Pasien sirosis akan dilakukan tes flicker atau stroop, pemeriksaan SCFA feses (asetat, butirat, dan propionat), dan kuesioner dengan teknik food recall untuk menilai pola diet. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan dengan aplikasi SPSS Statistics (IBM, 2024).Hasil: 86 pasien sirosis dengan rerata usia 53 tahun ± 8,10 dan jenis kelamin mayoritas (68,6%) laki-laki mengikuti penelitian ini. 20 pasien sirosis (23,25%) mengalami EH. Analisa bivariat tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara jumlah SCFA feses, komponen SCFA, ataupun proporsi komponen SCFA. Analisa multivariat terhadap proporsi SCFA absolut [OR 2,47; IK95% (0,64 – 9,56); p=0,191], proporsi asetat absolut [OR 4,72; IK 95%(0,25 – 64,01); p=0,243], dan proporsi butirat [OR 1,91; IK 95% (0,450 – 8,09); p=0,381] bersifat sebagai prediktor kejadian EH, sekalipun tidak bermakna.Simpulan: Prevalensi EH pada pasien sirosis rawat jalan di Poliklinik Hepatobilier RSCM adalah 23,3% dengan EH covert sebesar 19,8% dan EH overt sebesar 3,5%. Proporsi SCFA feses tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian EH pada pasien sirosis.

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Background: Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the main metabolites of the intestinal microbiota which play a role as colonocyte trophic factors and maintain the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier. Microbiota dysbiosis that occurs in cirrhosis changes SCFA composition in feses and plays a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Objective: This study aims to compare the amount and composition of fecal SCFA in cirrhotic patients with HE and non-HE.

Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study carried out at the Hepatobiliary Clinic and Integrated Procedure Room, IPINB Hepatobiliary Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta period 2023. Cirrhosis patients will undergo a flicker or Stroop test, fecal SCFA examination (acetate, butyrate and propionate), and a questionnaire with a food recall technique to assess dietary patterns. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were carried out with the SPSS Statistics application (IBM, 2024).

Results: 86 cirrhosis patients with a mean age of 53 years ± 8.10 and the majority gender (68.6%) male took part in this study. 20 cirrhosis patients (23.25%) experienced EH. Bivariate analysis found no significant differences (p>0.05) between the amount of fecal SCFA, SCFA components, or proportion of SCFA components. Multivariate analysis of absolute SCFA proportions [OR 2.47; IK95% (0.64–9.56); p=0.191], absolute proportion of acetate [OR 4.72; IK95% (0.25- 64.01); p=0.243], and the proportion of butyrate [OR 1.91; CI 95% (0.450 – 8.09); p=0.381] is a predictor of EH events, even though it is not significant. Conclusions: The prevalence of HE in outpatients with cirrhosis at the Hepatobiliary Polyclinic of RSCM was 23.3% with covert HE of 19.8% and overt HE of 3.5%. The proportion of fecal SCFA was not associated with the incidence of HE in cirrhosis patients."

"Asfiksia perinatal berhubungan dengan luaran buruk neonatus, seperti buruknya skor Apgar; kebutuhan resusitasi dan ventilasi bertekanan positif, perdarahan intraventrikuler, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, hingga terjadinya kematian dini neonatus. Pemantauan kesejahteraan janin melalui berbagai modalitas indirek dilakukan untuk mendeteksi dini faktor risiko asfiksia perinatal, meskipun pemeriksaan gas darah tali pusat diakui sebagai metode baku penetapan status asam basa dan penegakkan keadaan asfiksia yang objektif. Asidosis metabolik janin menurut ACOG dan AAP ditegakkan jika dijumpai pH arteri tali pusat ≤ 7 dan defisit basa ≥ 12 mmol/L, tetapi masih belum diketahui nilai pH dan BD yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kejadian luaran buruk neonatus. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUPNCM selama bulan Mei – Agustus 2020 terhadap persalinan dengan usia kehamilan di atas 27 minggu, baik secara spontan maupun operasi. Desain penelitian adalah kohort prospektif dengan masa pemantauan bayi baru lahir selama 7 hari. Sejumlah 135 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Nilai pH < 7,2015 dapat diterapkan pada sampel arteri maupun vena tali pusat karena menunjukkan akurasi baik dan prediktif terhadap kejadian luaran buruk neonatus jangka pendek, dengan nilai RR masing-masing 4,05 dan 5,9. Nilai BD arteri tali pusat tidak menunjukkan kemaknaan dalam memprediksi luaran buruk neonatus jangka pendek.

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Perinatal asphyxia is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, such as poor Apgar score, the need for positive pressure ventilation and resuscitation, intraventricular hemorrhage, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and the occurrence of early neonatal death. Monitoring of fetal well-being through various indirect modalities is performed to detect the risk of developing perinatal asphyxia, although cord blood gas testing is recognized as the reference method of determining neonatal acid-base status and diagnosing perinatal asphyxia. According to ACOG and AAP, fetal metabolic acidosis is confirmed if either umbilical cord artery pH ≤ 7, or a base deficit ≥ 12 mmol / L is found, but it is still unknown whether pH and BD values could be used to predict the incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes. This research was conducted at the dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital during May - August 2020 on spontaneous or caesarean deliveries with a gestational age of more than 27 weeks. The study design was a prospective cohort with 7 days monitoring period of newborns. A total of 135 subjects who met inclusion criteria were included in this study. The pH value of < 7.2015 showed good accuracy and predictive of short-term adverse outcome for both arterial and venous umbilical cord, with RR of 4.05 and 5.90 respectively. Umbilical cord BD was insignificant as short-term neonatal adverse outcomes predictor."