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"Penggunaan alat-alat listrik saat ini tidak bisa dihindari, sehingga manusia terpajan dengan Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Pemajanan ini dapat menyebabkan gangguan perkembangan folikel ovarium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel sekunder serta untuk melihat efek kumulatif pemajanan tiap generasi. Metode penelitian yaitu eksperimental terhadap mencit betina strain Swiss Webster. Digunakan 12 pasang mencit parental yang mendapatkan empat perlakuan pemajanan. Beberapa mencit dari tiap perlakuan akan dikawinkan untuk mendapatkan mencit generasi pertama, kedua dan ketiga. Mencit lainnya akan dietanasi untuk diambil ovariumnya dan dijadikan preparat. Jumlah preparat yang digunakan yang dianalisis adalah 60 sampel. Setiap sampel diamati untuk mendapatkan jumlah folikel sekunder normal dan folikel sekunder atresia. Uji hipotesis dilakukan uji One-Way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis. Pada analisis data didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada folikel atresia sekunder berbagai tegangan di generasi F2 (p=0,002) dan F3 (p=0,027), dan dilanjutkan ke analisis Post Hoc. Didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antar tegangan di generasi F2 dan F3. Sementara pada analisis data folikel sekunder dan folikel atresia sekunder antar generasi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF berbagai tegangan terhadap morfologi folikel sekunder ovarium. Namun, tidak didapatkan efek kumulatif tiap generasi.

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We can hardly avoid the use of electricity tools, so human are exposed to Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). This exposure can affect development of ovarian follicles. Aim of this study is to determine the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on number and morphology of secondary follicles, also to see the inter-generational cumulative effects. This study use experimental design and strain Swiss Webster female mice as the subject. There are 12 pairs of parental mice who received four treatments. Some mice from each treatment will be mated to obtain the first, second and third generation of mice. Other mice's ovaries will be taken. There are 60 samples of ovaries preparation to be observed under microscope. Hypothesis testing is done by One-Way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis. There is significant differences in the secondary atresia follicles at the various voltages in the F2 (p = 0,002) and F3 (p = 0,027). The analysis than continue to Post-Hoc analysis. There are significant differences in voltage between F2 and F3 generations, while there are no significant differences in data analysis of secondary follicles and secondary atresia follicles between generations. The conclution is there are significant effects of ELF-EMF exposure to various voltages on secondary ovarian follicles morphology. However, there are no cumulative effects in each generation."

"Energi listrik telah menjadi bagian yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia, terlebih lagi di zaman modern seperti saat ini, dimana dengan semakin meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi, penggunaan alat elektrik rumah tangga yang diketahui merupakan sumber Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) tidak dapat dielakkan lagi. Pemajanan ELFEMF dalam jangka panjang diketahui memiliki banyak dampak bagi kesehatan manusia, termasuk sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier ovarium mencit.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan mencit strain Webster sebagai hewan coba. Kelompok penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan merupakan kelompok mencit yang diberikan pajanan ELF-EMF dengan tegangan masing-masing 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV. Masing-masing kelompok tersebut akan diamati pada setiap generasi, mulai dari generasi pertama hingga ketiga. Kemudian sampel diambil dari setiap kelompok penelitian untuk diamati di bawah mikroskop.Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa terdapat penurunan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan ketigadi semua besar tegangan yang diberikan. Didapati juga peningkatan jumlah folikel tersier atresia yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan generasi kedua di semua besar tegangan. Sedangkan efek akumulasi pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier belum dapat dibuktikan.

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Electrical energy has become an important part of human life, especially in this modern society where the increasing development of information technology led to increase use of electrical appliances household that known as a source of Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Prolonged exposure of ELF-EMF can cause many effects on human health, including reproductive system. This study aimed to examines the effect of ELF-EMF exposure on the number and morphology of ovarian tertiary follicles of mice.This research uses experimental methods with Webster strain mice as experimental animals. There are two research group, the control and the treatment group. Treatment group is the group of mice given exposure to ELF-EMF voltage of 3kV, 4kV and5 kV. Each group will be observed from the first to the third generation. Then the samples were taken from each study group to be observed under a microscope.The result shows that there is a significant decreasing number of tertiary follicles in the first and third generation for all of the voltage. There is also an significant increasing number of tertiary follicle atresia in the first and second generation for all of the voltage. While the cumulative effects of exposure to ELF-EMF and the number of tertiary follicles morphology has not been proven."

"Latar Belakang: Seiring berkembangnya teknologi dan informasi di seluruh dunia, pemakaian tenaga listrik di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia, semakin meningkat. Tanpa disadari, hal tersebut mengakibatkan peningkatan pemajanan medan elektromagnet extremely low frequency (ELF) pada kehidupan manusia. Hal tersebut menyebabkan banyak kelainan pada tubuh manusia, termasuk pengaruh terhadap sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemajanan medan elektromagnet ELF dengan perubahan jumlah folikel ovarium melalui mencit sebagai model. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi eksperimental dengan hewan coba, yang merupakan bagian dari penelitian eksperimental lain yang lebih besar. Kelompok yang digunakan terdiri dari 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 3 generasi. Penelitian ini membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antara mencit kontrol dan perlakuan dari generasi satu sampai generasi tiga serta melihat efek akumulasi pemajanan medan elektromagnet dengan membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antar generasi dalam kelompok perlakuan. Data folikel ovarium mencit diperoleh dengan melihat sediaan di bawah mikroskop cahaya untuk menghitung jumlah folikel primer, sekunder, tersier, de Graaf, dan atresia (primer, sekunder dan tersier). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel sekunder yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji t tidak berpasangan) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama, serta terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji Mann-Whitney) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama. Sedangkan perbedaan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak bermakna. Begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan ( p > 0.05, ANOVA 1 arah dan Kruskal Wallis). Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan adanya penurunan jumlah folikel sekunder dan tersier yang bermakna. Sedangkan penurunan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta peningkatan folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak tebukti, begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan.

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Background: The usage of electricity in various countries including Indonesia has been increasing, along with the development of information and technology in the world. Without realizing it, the exposure of extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field on human life is increasing rapidly. This could bring up a lot of abnormalities in human body, including the influence of the electromagnetic field in the reproductive system. This research aims to determine the relationship between extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field exposures on changes of number of ovarian follicle with mice as a model.

Method: The design of this research is experimental design study with laboratory animals, which was part of a bigger experimental research. The mice take divided into 6 groups which were group of control and treatment each consisting of 3 generations. It compared the number of ovarian follicle between control and treatment mice from first generation to third generation and sees the effect of the accumulation electromagnetic field exposure which compares the number of ovarian follicle inter-generation in the treatment group. Mice ovarian follicle data obtained from observing the sample under light microscope to count the number of primary, secondary, tertiary, de Graaf, and atretic (primary, secondary and tertiary) follicle.

Result: There is significant difference in the number of secondary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p < 0.05, independent-unpaired-t-test). The significant difference is also found in the number of tertiary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p <0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The difference between the number of primary, de Graaf follicles, and atretic follicle in treatment is found not significant. The effect of accumulation in treatment is also found not significant (p > 0,05, One-Way-Anova and Kruskal Wallis).

Conclusion There was a significant decrease in the number of secondary and tertiary follicles. However the decrease in the number of primary follicle and de Graaf follicle, and the increase of atretic follicle in the treatment group were not proved, as well as the effect of the exposure accumulation."

"Pendahuluan: Fraktur adalah salah satu penyakit yang menjadi permasalahan yang cukup besar dalam bidang kesehatan di dunia, terutama di negara berkembang. Secara umum fraktur dapat sembuh dengan normal. Pada beberapa kondisi, penyembuhan fraktur mengalami komplikasi seperti delayed union atau non union. Penyembuhan fraktur yang sukses merupakan suatu interaksi yang kompleks antara proses angiogenesis dan osteogenesis. Stimulus fisika berupa pajanan PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic fields) menunjukkan pengaruh proses osteogenesis baik dalam tahap perkembangan penulangan embrio dan tahap penyembuhan fraktur.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyembuhan fraktur tulang delayed union pada hewan coba pada pemberian ELF-PEMF dengan melihat skor radiologi RUST dan Failure Load dari Pemberian Gaya Aksial.Metode: Dilakukan uji eksperimental pada 56 hewan coba di Laboratorium Hewan Departemen Gizi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, dengan membandingkan nilai RUST Score dan Load Score pada kedua kelompok hewan coba.Hasil: Penelitian dilakukan selama Agustus-September 2018. Tidak ada perbedaan karakteristik hewan coba pada penelitian. Didapati bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna Rust Score pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol pada setiap minggu pemeriksaan dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna Load Score pada minggu keempat dan kelima.Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan terdapat perbaikan penyembuhan fraktur delayed union pasca pemberian ELF-PEMF dilihat dari perbedaan nilai Rust score dan load score.

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Background: Fracture is a major health problem in the world, especially in developing countries. Usually, fractures can heal normally. In some conditions, the healing process becomes delayed union or non union. Successful healing of fractures is a complex interaction between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Physical stimuli such as exposure of PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic fields) influences the osteogenesis process both in the development stage of embryo reinforcement and the fracture healing stage.Objective: The aim is to determine the healing of delayed union fractures in experimental animals after exposure to ELF-PEMF.Methods: The experimental study was conducted at Department of Nutrition Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia with 56 experimental rats. The study was conducted by comparing the RUST Score and Load Score values ​​in the two experimental animal groupsResult: The study was conducted during August-September 2018 There was no difference in animal characteristics in the study. There was significant difference in Rust Score in both groups in each examination week and there were significant differences in Load Score in the fourth and fifth weeks.Conclusion: There was improvement in delayed union fracture healing after the administration of ELF-PEMF as seen from the difference in Rust score and load score."

"Penelitian ini membahas perilaku presipitasi CaCO3 dalam air sadah dibawah pengaruh medan elektromagnetik beserta aplikasinya dalam pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan kerak. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa medan elektromagnetik mempengaruhi interaksi hidrat ion dan interaksi ion serta presipitasi CaCO3 pada pola aliran fluida dinamik. Elektromagnetisasi larutan NaHCO3 dan CaCl2 dapat meningkatkan presipitasi CaCO3 dengan sifat deposit yang lebih mudah lepas dari dinding. Peningkatan presipitasi secara signifikan terjadi pada konsentrasi, lama sirkulasi dan laju alir tertentu. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi alasan bagi pengembangan sistem pengolahan air sadah dengan proses elektromagnetisasi yang efektif dalam menurunkan kesadahan dan pencegahan kerak pada air sadah.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate CaCO3 precipitation in hard water with electromagnetic-field effects and its application in hardwater treatment and scale prevention. The observation results showed that electromagnetic-field influence hydrat interaction, ionic interaction and CaCO3 precipitation in dynamic fluid.

Electromagnetic treatment on NaHCO3 and CaCl2 solutions can increase CaCO3 precipitation being kind of deposits that easily removed from the wall. The precipitation's improvement found in certain concentration, circulating time and flow rate. This result can be the reason to develop hard water treatment with electromagnetic field that can be effective to decrease water hardness and prevent scale."

"Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) adalah proses pengelasan dimana busur nyala listrik ditimbulkan oleh elektroda tungsten dengan benda kerja dan daerah pengelasannya dilindungi oleh gas pelindung. Bentuk busur api dapat dipengaruhi oleh gaya elektromagnetik. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, penggunaan beberapa medan elektromagnetik yang diatur letaknya sedemikian rupa memberikan hasil pengelasan yang berbeda. Dalam studi ini busur las di berikan medan elektromagnetik yang bersumber dari solenoid. Pengelasan dilakukan pada stainless steel. Medan elektromagnetik yang dihasilkan menyebabkan busur api terdefleksi. Defleksi ini dikontrol dengan solenoid yang diaktifkan secara bergantian mengelilingi busur las dengan menggunakan mikrokontroler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan menggunakan solenoid sebagai sumber medan magnet untuk mempengaruhi busur las dapat mempangaruhi hasil pengelasan. Penetrasi yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan solenoid lebih dalam dibandingkan pengelasan tanpa menggunakan solenoid. Kenaikan efisiensi daya pengelasan mencapai 10,9 %. Berdasarkan grafik perbandingan perubahan kecepatan terdapat kesamaan hasil antara pengelasan dengan kecepatan tinggi menggunakan solenoid dengan pengelasan kecepatan rendah tanpa solenoid.

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Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding is a process which an electric arc generated by the tungsten electrode to the workpiece and the welding area protected by a protective gas. Arc shape can be affected by electromagnetic force. In previous study, the use of some electromagnetic field around the arc has influenced the welding results. In this study electromagnetic fields generated from the solenoids was given to the welding arc. Welding process was conducted on Stainless Steel. The electromagnetic field made the arc becomes deflected. This deflection was controlled by the solenoid by activating it using a microcontroller.

The results showed that the use of solenoid as a source of electromagnetic field has influenced the welding arc. Penetration produced by using a solenoid has deeper penetration than welding process without using solenoid. The increase of the welding power efficiency was 10.9%. Furthermore, there are similarities between the results of the welding at high speeds using a solenoid compared with a low speed welding without solenoid."

"This book systematically explains the fundamentals of system-level electromagnetic compatibility and introduces the basic concept of system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design. The topics covered include the critical technologies in the top-down quantification design of electromagnetic compatibility, quantification design of system-level electromagnetic compatibility, evaluation methods and application examples, quality control and application examples of electromagnetic compatibility development process, and real-world engineering example analysis of electromagnetic compatibility.The book proposes a top-down system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design method and is the first book to describe in detail how to quantitatively evaluate and predict system-level electromagnetic compatibility performance. It includes abundant engineering examples and experimental data demonstrating the usage and results of the top-down quantification design methods of system-level electromagnetic compatibility.It enables readers to obtain a thorough understanding of the theory and methods of system-level electromagnetic compatibility quantification design as well as the methodologies for engineering practice."

"This book presents a comprehensive introduction to design sensitivity analysis theory as applied to electromagnetic systems. It treats the subject in a unified manner, providing numerical methods and design examples. The specific focus is on continuum design sensitivity analysis, which offers significant advantages over discrete design sensitivity methods. Continuum design sensitivity formulas are derived from the material derivative in continuum mechanics and the variational form of the governing equation. Continuum sensitivity analysis is applied to Maxwell equations of electrostatic, magnetostatic and eddy-current systems, and then the sensitivity formulas for each system are derived in a closed form; an integration along the design interface.The book also introduces the recent breakthrough of the topology optimization method, which is accomplished by coupling the level set method and continuum design sensitivity. This topology optimization method enhances the possibility of the global minimum with minimised computational time, and in addition the evolving shapes during the iterative design process are easily captured in the level set equation. Moreover, since the optimization algorithm is transformed into a well-known transient analysis algorithm for differential equations, its numerical implementation becomes very simple and convenient.Despite the complex derivation processes and mathematical expressions, the obtained sensitivity formulas are very straightforward for numerical implementation. This book provides detailed explanation of the background theory and the derivation process, which will help readers understand the design method and will set the foundation for advanced research in the future."