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"Krugman used the Bernanke-Gertler model to explain the Asian Crisis. This model implies that macroeconomic shocks am decrease credit creation by reducing firms' creditworthiness or by eroding hank capital. Foreign banks in Indonesia should he less likely to restrict credit following macaroeconomic shocks than domestic banks because they employed better risk management practices, they were less vulnerable to disintermediation, and their customers were largely hedged. Thus foreign banks were used as the control group. Wt1 found that interest and exchange rate shocks reduced hunk capital and bunk lending more greatly in domestic batiks than in foreign banks. This indicates that the crisis curtailed the loan supply in Indonesia, forcing firms to reduce spending and output."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kebijakan fiskal di Indonesia dan perbedaannya dalam 2 periode: Periode I (1993Q1-2018Q4), yang mencakup Krisis Keuangan Asia dan Krisis Keuangan Global, dan Periode II (2019M1-2021M12), yang mencakup Krisis Pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) yang dikembangkan oleh Perotti (2004), yang menggunakan restriksi berdasarkan informasi institutional mengenai sistem penganggaran pemerintah. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa: 1) perubahan kebijakan fiskal mempengaruhi PDB secara signifikan di kedua periode; 2) pergerakan dinamis dari PDB lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan belanja, dibandingkan kebijakan pendapatan; 3) kebijakan fiskal, khususnya pendapatan, lebih banyak mempengaruhi inflasi di Periode II; 4) kebijakan fiskal memiliki peranan yang sangat kecil dalam mempengaruhi tingkat suku bunga.

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This study aims to know the effects of fiscal policy shock in Indonesia and investigate the differences within two periods: Period I (1993Q1-2018Q4), which include the Asian Financial Crisis and the Global Financial Crisis, and Period II (2019M1-2021M12), which include the COVID-19 Pandemic crisis. This study uses Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model, developed by Perotti (2004), which determine the restrictions based on institutional information of government budget system. This study concludes that: 1) shocks on fiscal policies significantly affect GDP in both periods; 2) the dynamic movement of GDP is more influenced by government spending than government revenue; 3) fiscal policy, especially revenue, has greater influences on inflation in Period II; 4) fiscal policy has minor role in affecting the interest rate."