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"ABSTRAKThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether the Deferred TaxExpenses analysis can be employed to detect earnings management in IndonesianCapital Market. This study also compares the deferred tax expenses method andthe accrual method as the proxy of Earnings Management. This study finds thatdeferred tax expenses and the accrual measures (using Total Accruals model,Modified Jones Model and Forward Looking Model) have positive and significantimpacts on the probability of earnings management to avoid !asses. It means thatthe bigger the value of Accrual and Deferred Tax Expenses the bigger theprobability of earnings management practices. Of the three models used, thedeferred .Jax expenses variable has similar significances compared to totalaccrual model and higher significances compared to the discretionary accrualmodels. This shown that deferred tax expenses can be used as an alternative toAccrual Models in explaining the earnings management phenomena around theearnings threshold. In the additional study, we find that factors affected earningsmanagement can't explain the variation of Deferred Tax Expenses. Meanwhile itcan be used to explain the three-accrual models significantly. This findingsuggests that the use of deferred tax expenses as a proxy in earnings managementis still in doubt."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas pengaruh corporate social responsibility terhadap manajemen laba berdasarkan lima penelitian 10 tahun terakhir di mana corporate social responsibility (CSR) sebagai variabel independen sedangkan manajemen laba sebagai variabel dependen . Metode pencarian penelitian dilakukan dengan memasukkan kata kunci corporate social responsibility dan earnings management di Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia online. Penelitian yang digunakan memiliki peringkat Q1, Q2, Q3 atau Q4, sesuai dengan peringkat di Scimago Journal & Country Rank. Dua hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CSR mempengaruhi manajemen laba secara negatif sedangkan satu hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak adanya pengaruh antara CSR dengan manajemen laba. Dan sisanya dua hasil penelitian hasilnya menunjukkan percampuran; di mana satu hasil penelitian yang memisahkan efek CSR menjadi dua bagian yaitu kinerja CSR dan pengungkapan CSR, menunjukkan bahwa kinerja CSR berhubungan positif dengan manajemen laba akrual tetapi berhubungan negatif dengan manajemen laba rill, sedangkan CSR disclosure berhubungan negatif baik dengan manajemen laba akrual maupun rill; dan sisanya satu penelitian lagi menunjukkan bahwa CSR tidak memiliki hubungan dengan manajemen laba akrual tetapi memiliki hubungan dengan manajemen laba rill.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to discuss the effect of corporate social responsibility on earnings management based on the last five years research in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an independent variable while earnings management is the dependent variable. The research search method is done by entering the keywords corporate social responsibility and earnings management in the University of Indonesia Library online. The study used has a rating of Q1, Q2, Q3 or Q4, according to the ranking in the Scimago Journal & Country Rank. Two results show that CSR negatively affects earnings management while one research result shows that there is no influence between CSR and earnings management. And the remaining two research results show mixed; where one research result that separates CSR effects into two parts, CSR performance and CSR disclosure, shows that CSR performance is positively related to accrual earnings management but negatively related to real earnings management while CSR disclosure is negatively related both to accrual and real earnings management; and the remaining one shows that CSR has no relationship with accrual earnings management but has a relationship with real earnings management."

"Penelitian ini meneliti pengaruh kualitas audit, efektivitas dewan komisaris dan komite audit terhadap manajemen laba pada emiten manufaktur antara periode 2009 hingga 2012 dengan ukuran perusahaan, leverage dan struktur kepemilikan sebagai variabel kontrol. Variabel dependen manajemen laba pada penelitian ini dibagi ke dalam dua yaitu manajemen laba akrual dan manajemen laba riil. Variabel independen kualitas audit diukur menggunakan hasil pemeriksaan PPAJP Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia yang akan memberikan gambaran yang lebih baik mengenai kualitas audit. Variabel independen efektivitas dewan komisaris dan komite audit diukur berdasarkan daftar pertanyaan untuk mencari efektivitas keduanya berdasarkan informasi yang terdapat pada laporan tahunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas dewan komisaris dan komite audit berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap manajemen laba akrual maupun manajemen laba riil. Kualitas audit terbukti memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap manajemen laba akrual, namun berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap manajemen laba riil. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa pengawasan yang baik mampu menekan terjadinya manajemen laba.

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This study researched the influence of audit quality, effectiveness of board of directors and audit committee on earnings management in listed manufacturing companies from 2009 through 2012 with company size, leverage and ownership structure as control variables. The dependent variables, earnings management, in this study were divided into two categories which are accrual earnings management and real earnings management. The independent variable of audit quality was measured using review of PPAJP Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia which considered giving better picture of audit quality. The independent variables of the effectiveness of board of directors and audit committee were measured using questionnaire based on annual reports information. The results showed that the effectiveness of board of directors and audit committee have a negative significant influence to accrual earnings management and real earnings management. Audit quality is proven to have a negative significant to accrual earnings management, while it has a positive significant influence to real earnings management. This result implies that proper supervision could prevent earnings management."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan struktur kepemilikan, ukuran perusahaan, dan praktek corporate governance terhadap pengelolaan laba dan kekeliruan penilaian pasar. Struktur kepemilikan, ukuran perusahaan, dan praktek corporate governance diduga akan mempengaruhi besaran pengelolaan laba, penilaian pasar atas pengelolaan laba, dan jenis pengelolaan laba (efisien atau oportunis). Selain itu, karena terdapat perbedaan persistensi dari komponen-komponen laba (arus kas operasi, akrual non diskresioner, dan akrual diskresioner) maka pasar seharusnya juga mengantisipasi adanya perbedaan persistensi tersebut dan memperhitungkannya dalam pembentukan harga saham. Jika pasar tidak mampu mengantisipasi hal tersebut maka akan terjadi kekeliruan penilaian pasar. Struktur kepemilikan, ukuran perusahaan, dan praktek corporate governance diduga mempengaruhi kekeliruan penilaian pasar tersebut.Akrual dapat dibedakan menjadi dua komponen yaitu akrual diskresioner dan akrual non diskresioner. Akrual diskresioner adalah akrual yang berasal dari diskresi manajemen sedangkan akrual non diskresioner adalah akrual yang besarnya tergantung kegiatan operasional perusahaan. Akrual diskresioner dalam penelitian ini digunakan sebagai proxy dari pengelolaan laba.Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda, uji F, dan Mishkin Test, dan menggunakan data empiris di Bursa Efek Jakarta dengan sampel sebanyak 144 perusahaan untuk periode non krisis (1995-1996, 1999-2002).Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, ditemukan bahwa ukuran perusahaan dan kepemilikan keluarga adalah variabel yang mempengaruhi pengelolaan laba. Semakin besar ukuran perusahaan semakin kecil pengelolaan labanya, serta pengelolaan laba pada perusahaan dengan kepemilikan keluarga tinggi dan bukan perusahaan konglomerasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan pengelolaan laba pada perusahaan lain.Kesimpulan mengenai jenis pengelolaan laba yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan masih mixed, walaupun lebih cenderung efisien. Hasil ini tidak konsisten dengan anggapan selama ini bahwa pengelolaan laba di Indonesia adalah oportunis. Faktor yang terbukti secara signifikan mempengaruhi jenis pengelolaan laba adalah kepemilikan keluarga. Pengelolaan laba pada perusahaan dengan kepemilikan keluarga tinggi dan bukan perusahaan konglomerasi lebih efisien dibandingkan pengelolaan laba pada perusahaan lain. Sedangkan variabel kepemilikan institusional, ukuran perusahaan, dan praktek corporate governance tidak terbukti secara konsisten berpengaruh signifikan terhadap jenis pengelolaan laba.Pengelolaan laba terbukti dinilai signifikan positif oleh pasar, tetapi hasil ini tidak selalu didukung karena dalam pengujian sensitivitas terdapat hasil pengujian yang menunjukkan bahwa akrual diskresioner tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan imbal hasil saham. Variabel struktur kepemilikan, ukuran perusahaan, dan praktek corporate governance tidak terbukti secara konsisten mempengaruhi penilaian pasar terhadap pengelolaan laba. Tidak signifikannya variabel-variabel tersebut menunjukkan bahwa dalam melakukan penilaian, pasar tidak mempertimbangkan motif dan kesempatan yang berbeda-beda dari perusahaan dalam melakukan pengelolaan laba.Pengujian persistensi laba menunjukkan adanya perbedaan persistensi dari komponen laba, dimana arus kas operasi lebih persisten dibandingkan akrual diskresioner dan akrual non diskresioner lebih persisten dibandingkan akrual diskresioner. Hasil pengujian Mishkin Test menunjukkan terdapat kekeliruan penilaian pasar pada komponen arus kas dan akrual non diskresioner, tetapi tidak terdapat kekeliruan penilaian pasar untuk akrual diskresioner. Adanya bukti mengenai kekeliruan penilaian pasar atas komponen laba mengindikasikan bahwa pasar modal di Indonesia tergolong tidak efisien dalam bentuk setengah kuat (semi strong form).Pengujian lebih lanjut untuk melihat apakah kekeliruan penilaian pasar tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kepemilikan keluarga, kepemilikan institusional, ukuran perusahaan, kuaiitas audit, komisaris independen, dan komite audit, menunjukkan bahwa variabelvariabel tersebut tidak mempengaruhi kekeliruan penilaian pasar atas akrual diskresioner.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to investigate the affect of ownership structure, firm size, and corporate governance practices on earnings management and market mispricing. We predict that ownership structure, firm size, and corporate governance practices have significant influence on the level of earnings management, the pricing of earnings management, and type of earnings management (efficient or opportunistic). In addition, the stock prices should reflect the differential persistence of earnings components (cash flow from operation, non-discretionary accruals, and discretionary accruals). Market mispricing occurs if market fails to reflect that differential persistence. We expect ownership structure, firm size, and corporate governance practices have significant influence on market mispricing.

Accruals consist of two components: discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals. Discretionary accruals are accruals from management discretion, whereas non-discretionary accruals are those accruals, which amount, are depending on company's operational activity. This study use discretionary accruals as a proxy of earnings management.

Multiple regressions, F-test, and Mishkin Test are used to test hypothesis developed in this study. Sample consists of 144 firms listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange over non-crisis period (1995-1996, 1999-2002).

I find that firm size and family ownership have significant influence on level of earnings management. The bigger firm sizes the lesser the earnings management and earnings management on firms with high proportion of family ownership and non business-group is higher than that of other firms.

The evidence regarding type of earnings management is mixed, although it has a tendency to efficient earnings management. This evidence is inconsistent with usual view that an earnings management in Indonesia is opportunistic. Family ownership is found has significant influence on earnings management type. Earnings management on firms with high proportion of family ownership and non business-group is more efficient than that of other firms. There is no consistent evidence that institutional ownership, firm size, and corporate governance practices have that significant influence.

I also found that the market prices earnings management positively, but this evidence is not always supported in sensitivity analysis. Some of sensitivity analysis results show that earnings management does not have significant influence on market return. There is no consistent evidence that ownership structure, firm size, and corporate governance practices have significant influence on market pricing of discretionary accruals. This evidence indicates that market valuation is not considering that firms have different chance and motives of doing earnings management.

Test of differential earnings components persistence shows that cash flow from operation significantly has higher persistence than non-discretionary accruals and discretionary accruals and non-discretionary accruals significantly has higher persistence than discretionary accruals-Mishkin Test shows that market misprices cash flow from operation and non-discretionary accruals, but it correctly prices discretionary accruals. This evidence on market mispricing indicates that Jakarta Stock Exchange is not efficient in semi-strong form.

Further tests are performed to investigate whether market mispricing is influenced by ownership structure, firm size, and corporate governance practices. Those tests show that those variables do not significantly affect market mispricing on discretionary accruals."

"Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menguji kemampuan Beban pajak tangguhan dalam memprediksi manajemen laba di Indonesia. Lebih lanjut penelitian ini akan membandingkan kemampuan beban pajak tangguhan dibandingkan dengan metode akrual yang selama ini digunakan sebagai pengukur manajemen laba.Berdasarkan penelitian Philips, Pincus, Rego (2003), pengukur manajemen laba yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ditentukan berdasarkan pendekatan distribusi pendapatan. Hasil penelitian atas perusahaan-perusahaan yang terdaftar di BET dalam kurun waktu 1999 - 2002 menunjukkan terjadinya ketidaknormalan dalam distribusi laba, dimana jumlah perusahaan yang melaporkan laba kecil (small prafit firms) jumlahnya di atas ekspektasi, sementara perusahaan yang melaporkan kerugian kecil (small loss firms) jumlahnya di bawah ekspektasi. Dengan demikian small profit firms dianggap melakukan sebagai pengukur perusahaan yang melakukan manajemen laba yang lebih tinggi (dibandingkan small loss firms).Model Regresi Probit digunakan untuk menganalisa hubungan Behan pajak tangguhan dan Akrual dengan probabilitas perusahaan melakukan manajemen laba untuk melewati earnings threshold. Variabel indepanden akrual diukur dengan menggunakan tiga model akrual, yaitu Total Accruals (Healy, 1985), Aloded Jones Model (1995) dan Forward Looking Model (Dechow, 2003).Hasil penelitian ini memberikan bukti bahwa Beban pajak tangguan dan ketiga model aknal memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap probabilitas perusahaan melakukan manajemen laba untuk menghindari kerugian. Artinya semakin besar nilai variabel Beban pajak tangguhan dan Akrual perusahaan, semakin besar probabilitas perusahaan tersebut melakukan manajemen laba. Dari tiga model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, variabel Beban pajak tangguhan memiliki signifikansi yang sama dengan model Total Akrual tetapi menunjukkan signifrkansi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedua model Discretionary Accrual. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Beban pajak tangguhan dapat dijadikan alternatif terhadap model akrual dalam menjelaskan fenomena manajemen laba di sekitar earnings threshold.Selain melihat kemampuan Beban pajak tangguhan dalam memprediksi manajemen laba yang dilakukan untuk menghindari pelaporan kerugian, penelitian ini juga dimaksudkan untuk melihat kemampuan Beban pajak tangguhan dalam memprediksi manajemen laba secara umum. Pengujian dilakulan dengan melakukan regresi antara faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan manajemen laba dengan Beban pajak tangguhan dan Akrual. Faktor-faktor yang dianggap mempengaruhi manajemen laba adalah ukuran (size) perusahaan, besarnya kantor akuntan publik yang mengaudit perusahaan, profitabilitas, pertumbuhan (growth) dan besarnya hutang (debt) perusahaan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab manajemen laba ini tidak dapat menjelaskan variasi yang terjadi pada Beban pajak tangguhan. Sementara faktor-faktor tersebut dapat menjelaskan ketiga model akrual secara signifikan. Penemuan ini menunjukkan penggunaan beban pajak tangguhan sebagai pengukur manajemen laba secara umum masih diragukan.

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This study is intended to investigate whether the Deferred Tax Expenses analysis can be employed to predict earnings management in Indonesia. Furthermore this research will compare the Deferred Tax Expenses method and the accrual method as the proxy of Earnings Management.

Consistent with Phillips, Pincus and Rego's Research, earnings management proxy used in this study is based on earnings distribution approach. The result on listed companies at the TSX during 1999 - 2002 show abnormality in earnings distribution, whereas total small profit firms are above expectations, meanwhile total small loss firms are the opposite. Based on these finding, small profit firms are used as the proxy for earnings management firms (compared to small loss firms).

Profit regression model is used to analyze the relation between Accrual and Deferred Tax Expenses with the probability of earnings management. The Accrual variable is measured using three accrual models: Total Accruals (Healy, 1985), Modified Jones Model (1995), and Forward Looking Model (Dechow, 2003).

This study finds that Deferred Tax Expenses and the three accrual measures have positive and significant impacts on the probability of earnings management to avoid losses. This means the bigger the value of Accrual and Deferred Tax Expenses the bigger the probability of earnings management practices. Of the three models used, the Deferred Tax Expenses variable has similar significances compared to Total Accrual model and higher significances compared to the Discretionary Accrual models. This shown that Deferred Tax Expenses can be used as an alternative to Accrual Models in explaining the earnings management phenomena around the earnings threshold.

Asides analyzing the use of Deferred Tax Expenses in predicting earnings management to avoid losses, this, study also focused on analyzing the capability of Deferred Tax Expenses as earnings management's proxy on general basis. Testing was done using regression between factors that affected earnings management with Accrual and Deferred Tax Expenses. Factors considered to affect earnings management are company size, external auditors, profitability, growth, and total debt.

This study shows that these factors can't explain the variation of Deferred Tax Expenses. Meanwhile it can be used to explain the three-accrual models significantly. This finding suggests that the use of deferred tax expenses as a proxy in earnings management in general basis is still in doubt."

"Based on iron law of accrual accounting reverse and the articulation of balance sheet and income statement, biased assumption reflected in earnings are also reflected in net assets values. Therefore, managers' ability to optimistically bias earnings decreases with the extent to which net assaet are already overstated on the balance sheet, relative to a neutral applications of SAK. On the other hand, market incentives are so strong that managers will try hard to meet or beat earnings expectations by reporting larger positive or smaller negative earnings surprises. This research finds the likelihood of reporting larger positive or smaller negative earnings surprises increases wiht the extent to which net assets are already overstated on the balance sheet. This result might indicate that (1) the frims are in the growth stage with heavy assets invetment, or (2) managers tend to optimistically bias earnings from period to period and those biases are greater that the accrual reverse of that period."

"This research investigates the influence of audit quality to earnings management. Audit quality had been proxies by the direction of aoditor change, that switch from big audit company to small audit company and vice versa. The accounting discretionary accrual is used is used as a proxy to earnings management...."

"ABSTRAKOne of the goals of accounting education in Indonesia is to introduce the students to the ethics and values of accounting profession. This research focused on the effectiveness of accounting curriculum in developing students' responsibility towards the financial statements users. We find that accounting students oppose earnings management more strongly than do students from other disciplines, even though there are not any significant differences in their view of financial report ethics. This similar view on ethics also occurs between the new accounting students and senior accounting students. These results show that there are needs to reform the accountingcurriculum -particularly in Indonesia - to emphasize more on ethics and values of the accounting profession."

"This study develops a model of expropriation through real earnings management (REM) in theIndonesian Islamic banking industry. The purpose of this study is to test a new model by examiningthe relationship between REM, bank ownership types, and performance of Islamic banks in Indonesiain the period of 2006 - 2013. This study finds that there are significant differences in REM andperformance scores in banks with different ownership types. The REM and performance scores forfamily-owned banks and private-owned banks are relatively similar. However, Islamic banks withgovernment as the controlling shareholder have the highest REM scores and the lowest performancescores. In contrast, foreign-owned banks have the lowest REM scores and the highest performancescores. The indications of expropriation can be seen from the magnitude of REM. A high REM canlower profitability and efficiency while increasing the risks faced by Islamic banks in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh corporate governance proporsi komisaris independen, ukuran dewan komisaris, kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional, kualitas auditor publik, dan debt to equity ratio terhadap praktik earnings management di sekitar pelaksanaan right issue. Penelitian ini menggunakan data cross sectional dengan sampel penelitian berjumlah 56 perusahaan non-financial yang melakukan right issue pada periode 2008-2015 dengan menggunakan regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel corporate governance yaitu debt to equity ratio memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap earnings management di sekitar pelaksanaan right issue. Sedangkan variabel corporate governance lainnya memiliki pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap earnings management di sekitar pelaksanaan right issue.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of corporate governance percent of outside commisioner, commisioner size, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, quality of public auditor, and debt to equity ratio on earnings management around the exercise of right issue. This study used data with a cross sectional sample of 56 from non financial sectors of the period 2008 2015 using multiple regression. The results showed that one of corporate governance variable debt to equity ratio have significant effect on earnings management around the exercise of right issue. Whereas, the other corporate governance variables have no significant effect on earnings management around the exercise of right issue."