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Abstrak :
Degradasi zat warna tartrazine dan produksi hidrogen secara simultan dengan kombinasi fotokatalisis dan elektrokoagulasi telah diteliti. Proses fotokatalisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan katalis TiO2 nanotube yang telah disintesis dengan metode anodisasi. Pada proses elektrokoagulasi digunakan elektroda Al-SS 316 dengan variasi tegangan 5V; 10V; 15V. Struktur katalis TiO2 bermorfologi nanotube dikarakterisasi dengan SEM-Mapping, FTIR, XRD, dan UV-Vis DRS. Kondisi optimum yang didapatkan dari proses elektrokoagulasi yaitu pada tegangan 15V dengan waktu uji selama 4 jam. Dari hasil fotokatalisis dengan TiO2 nanotube didapatkan konversi degradasi zat warna tartrazine sebesar 48,86 dan konsentrasi H2 3,46. Penggunaan plat aluminium sebagai anoda dan plat stainless steel 316 sebagai katoda pada proses elektrokoagulasi juga telah berhasil mendegradasi zat warna tartrazine sebesar 82,45 dan konsentrasi H2 12,14. Hasil kombinasi proses fotokatalisis dan elektrokoagulasi didapatkan konversi degradasi zat warna tartrazine sebesar 90,68 dengan konsentrasi zat warna menjadi 1,93 ppm dan konsentrasi H2 nya sebesar 12,14. Konsentrasi akhir limbah zat warna tartrazine dari proses kombinasi fotokatalisis-elektrokoagulasi sudah aman jika dibuang ke lingkungan karena sudah memenuhi baku mutu. Selain itu, gas H2 yang dihasilkan berpotensi sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. ......Degradation of tartrazine dye and the production of hydrogen simultaneously with a combination of photocatalysis and electrocoagulation has been investigated. The photocatalytic process was performed by using a catalyst of TiO2 nanotubes that had been synthesized by anodizing method In electrocoagulation process used Al SS 316 electrode with variation of 5V voltage 10V 15V. The structure of TiO2 catalysts with nanotube morphology is characterized by SEM Mapping, FTIR, XRD, and UV Vis DRS. The optimum condition obtained from the electrocoagulation process is at a voltage of 15V with a test time of 4 hours. From the results of photocatalysis with TiO2 nanotube obtained degradation of tartrazine dye equal to 48,86 and concentration of H2 3,46. The use of aluminum plate as anode and 316 stainless steel plate as cathode in electrocoagulation process has also succeeded degrading tartrazine dye by 82,45 and concentration of H2 12,14. The result of the combination of photocatalysis and electrocoagulation process obtained degradation conversion of tartrazine dye by 90.68 with dye concentration to 1.93 ppm and H2 concentration of 12.14. The final concentration of tartrazine dye waste from combination of photocatalysis electrocoagulation process is safe if disposed to the environment because it meets the quality standard. In addition, the production of H2 has potential as a renewable energy source.

Abstrak :
Dye-Sensitized Solar (DSSC) sebagai sel surya dengan sensitizer warna dapat dibuat dengan biaya lebih kecil dan pembuatan yang lebih sederhana. Pada DSSC terdapat bagian semikonduktor dan dye. Permasalahannya adalah bahwa dye sintesis yang sering digunakan mahal dan proses produksinya sulit. Karena itu, diperlukan alternatif lain menggunakan dye yang berasal dari bahan alami seperti ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus). Semikonduktor yang biasa digunakan pada DSSC adalah TiO2 dan ZnO. Semikonduktor ini bisa disintesis melalui penambahan reagen berupa reagen pelindung permukaan (surface-protecting reagents) atau capping agent. Capping agent yang digunakan biasanya berasal dari senyawa tidak ramah lingkungan sehingga diperlukan alternatif dengan penggunaan capping agent alami seperti ekstrak yang berasal dari daun tin (Ficus Carica Linn). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan karakteristik sintesis nanokomposit ZnO/TiO2 menggunakan capping agent ekstrak daun tin (Ficus Carica Linn) melalui proses sol-gel dan diaplikasikan pada DSSC dengan dye ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberhasilan sintesis nanokomposit dengan perbandingan komposisi 0.91:0.09 ZnO/TiO2. Morfologi struktur memperlihatkan bentuk spherical dengan ukuran kristal sebesar 29,48 nm, dengan absorbansi tertinggi didapatkan pada panjang gelombang 200 nm, 245 nm, 326 nm, 381 nm dan energi celah pita 3,20 eV. Efisiensi konversi yang didapat masih rendah sebesar 0,01%. Sebagai pembanding digunakan TiO2 nanopartikel yang disensitasi menggunakan Ruthenizer 535-bis-TBA dengan efisiensi 0,02%. ......Dye-Sensitized Solar (DSSC) as a solar cell with a natural dye sensitizer can be made at a low cost and simple. In DSSC, synthetic dyes are usually used, which are expensive and difficult to process. Hence, another alternative needs to be explored using dyes derived from natural ingredients such as red dragon (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) fruit peel extract. Semiconductors for this DSSC can be synthesized via addition of reagents in the form of surface-protecting reagents or capping agents. However, capping agent usually comes from non environmentally friendly materials. Hence, an alternative is by using natural resource such as extracts from fig (Ficus Carica Linn) leaves. In this work, a study was conducted to determine the characteristics of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite synthesized using capping agent of fig leaf extract via sol-gel process and used in DSSC sensitized using red dragon fruit peel extract dye. The results showed that the best characteristic was obtained from nanocomposite with a ratio of 0.91:0.09 ZnO/TiO2. The morphology showed a spherical shape crystallite size of 29,48, with the highest absorbance obtained at a wavelength of 200 nm, 245 nm, 326 nm, 381 nm and band gap energy 3,20 eV. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) obtained was 0.01%. For comparison, pure TiO2 nanoparticles sensitized using Ruthenizer 535-bis-TBA was used with PCE of 0.02%.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
As of present, water pollution that is caused by textile dyeing factories is one of the primary concerns in Thailand. wastewater is contaminated with dyes, which results in an unpleasant watercolor. this research emphasized on the study of the adsorption of Direct Red 83 dye through the use of water hyacinths, which are abundant in number and can be easily obtained. prior to the adsorption, water hyacinths were modified with cetyltrimetylammonium bromide (CTAB). The value of pHpzc of the adsorbent was 5.15. The adsorption was most effective at the pH value of 3. After increasing the amount of adsorbent and the temperature for water treatment, the percentage of dye removal would increase. However, if the concentration of dye increases, the percentage of dye removal would decrease. Upon the addition of electrolytes into the Wastewater that contained this particular type of dye, it was found that calcium salts lowered the percentage of dye removal to a greater extent than sodium salts. The process of adsorption was in accordance with Langmuir adsorption model, with qe value equals to 66.2252 milligrams per gram, KL value equals to 1.6064 liters per milligram, and RL value equals to 0.0062. based on Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, the obtained E value represents physical adsorption. According to Redlich-Peterson equation, bR equals to 1.0797, which supported the fact that adsorption conformed to Langmuir model. This adsorption was in accordance with the model of a second-order reaction. When the temperature of the Wastewater increases, K2 value would increase. when the concentration of dye increases, qe value would increase.

Abstrak :
Luasnya aplilfasi aluminium dalam kelzidzqmn selzari-lmri memunculkan tcmtangun Serta peluung baru, yairu bagaimana nzenunerralmnkan kualitas produk-produk aluminum. _Te/mologi yang digunalcan dalam usaha menynroreksi aluminium l¢3hS'(3blll ialah anodixasi. Melalui pro.s'¢{,s' eleklrokimia unluf: menqnrocluksi lapisrm npis olrsiclu pada permulcaau aluminium, sclain mampu meredulcvi fceceparan korosi, tekrmlogi terxebur memberilrcm karakterisrili permulman yang dapar diwamai sesuai dengan ngjuun dekorasi

Sa/all saw proses anodisasi ialah anodisasi ripe II dengan elekrralir usam sulfur 20nC. fegangan 15 volt dan rapa! arus I-l,5 A/dmz. Jenis pruses an0d'isu.s‘i asain suU`af dipilih lrarena prose.s'nyu yang memeriukan ala! serif: bahan yang mudah d1peroleh.s'er'ra sesuai dengan fllflldff dekorasi.

Penclirian lfali ini inenekankcm padcr pemcmfaarcm izilai-nilai optimal atus parameter proses yang Ielalz digariskcm oleli lirerarur, uniuk menglmsilkan pmdulc unodisusi berikuf pewarnaarmyu. Parumerer proses yan-_sg dimuksud dicmfurwlvu iululr, lconsenrrasi elekrroiii usam suU'ar sebesar 15%, rapai arus yang dipergzmakan J- 1,5 A-klnrg, .Sullu eleklrolir .vcbesar ZOUC, fegangan 15 vol! Serta merodu pewamaan czfm-'e coloring (pewarnaan celzqo) K;Cr2()7pada sulfu 500C.

Anodisavi diarahkan untuk nxenglzasilkan ketebalan Iapisan oksida sebesar 17 milcron yang merupakan kefehalun mukeimum yung dapar dilmsilkan melalui proses mr0¢lisusi usam sulfur. Melalui penganmran was lcelebalan, pewarnaau _vang nzerzgalraxilkan warna kzming kecmasun yung baik dapar dqaeroleh

Abstrak :
Solar cells are excellent devices which enable the provision of renewable energy in a safe and easy way. A dye sensitized solar cell (also referred as dye solar cell) is a new type of solar cell, whose operation is based on photoelectronic chemically activated mechanism. The fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells is generally simpler and cheaper compared to the conventional silicon-based solar cells. This paper aims to fabricate and analyze the performance of dye solar cell by comparing the utilization of transparent and opaque TiO2 pastes for the photoelectrodes. In addition, we also perform an analysis on the use of two different red ruthenium based dye, i.e. N-719 and Z-907. The current-voltage (I-V) measurements were performed by using an artificial sun-simulator on AM1.5 irradiation. As for the counter-electrode, platinum (Pt) was used as the catalyst which was deposited using DC-sputtering technique. Our results revealed that the cells featuring transparent TiO2 paste achieved better photoconversion efficiencies compared to that of the opaque paste. The best average efficiency achieved was 3.78% for cells with a total active area of 2 cm2 . In addition, transparent cells produced on average up to 3 mA higher photocurrent compared to that of the opaque cells. We suspected that such behavior was affected by the discrepancy in the crystallite size.

Abstrak :
Persyaratan untuk sumber energi terbarukan terus dikembangkan untuk menggantikan bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak bumi, batu bara, dan gas. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan adalah sinar matahari, yang sampai sekarang terus mengembangkan penggunaannya sebagai sel surya. Pengembangan sel surya intensif adalah sel surya peka warna (DSSC), jenis sel surya fotoelektrokimia yang menggunakan pewarna untuk mentransfer sinar matahari ke energi listrik. DSSC pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1991 oleh ilmuwan Brian O'Reagan dan Michael Gratzel. DSSC terdiri dari oksida konduktif transparan (TCO), semikonduktor (termasuk nanometer ZnO), pewarna, elektrolit, dan penghitung elektroda. Berbagai perbaikan telah dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan nilai efisiensi konversi daya DSSC (PCE). Bahan yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan nilai efisiensi sel surya adalah berkurangnya graphene oxide (rGO). Dalam penelitian ini, rGO digunakan dalam struktur DSSC untuk: (i) peningkatan pewarna, (ii) peningkatan photoanode, dan (iii) peningkatan counter elektroda. Sebagai patokan (standar) digunakan struktur DSSC tanpa rGO. RGO diproduksi dari sintesis graphene oxide (GO) dengan metode Hummers, sedangkan ZnO nanorod dihasilkan dari sintesis pengendapan bath kimia (CBD). ZnO, GO, dan rGO dikarakterisasi dengan SEM, XRD, spektroskopi UV-Vis, dan spektroskopi FTIR, dan mikroskop optik. Sementara pengujian PCE DSSC dilakukan oleh alat simulator matahari. Dari hasil pengujian PCE, nilai efisiensi tertinggi dari setiap peningkatan (i), (ii), dan (iii) masing-masing adalah 0,02%, 0,0025%, dan 0,1%. Nilai PCE tertinggi dari semua variasi peningkatan diperoleh dari peningkatan counter electrode sebesar 0,1%. Sedangkan nilai PCE standar DSSC adalah 0,005%.

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The requirements for renewable energy sources continue to be developed for replacing fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and gas. One of the renewable energy sources is sunlight, which until now continues to develop its use as solar cells. The intensive solar cell development is dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a type of photoelectrochemical solar cell that uses dye to transfer sunlight to electrical energy. DSSC was first introduced in 1991 by scientists Brian O'Reagan and Michael Gratzel. DSSC is composed of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), semiconductors (including ZnO nanorods), dyes, electrolytes, and electrode counters. Various improvements have been developed to increase the value of DSSC power conversion efficiency (PCE). The material that is expected to increase the value of solar cell efficiency is reduced graphene oxide (rGO). In this study, rGO was used in the DSSC structure for: (i) dye improvement, (ii) photoanode improvement, and (iii) counter electrode improvement. As a benchmark (standard) was used a DSSC structure without rGO. RGO was produced from the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) with the Hummers method, while ZnO nanorods were produced from chemical bath deposition (CBD) synthesis. ZnO, GO, and rGO were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy, and optical microscope. While PCE DSSC testing was carried out by a sun simulator tool. From the results of PCE testing, the highest efficiency values ​​of each improvement (i), (ii), and (iii) were 0.02%, 0.0025%, and 0.1% respectively. The highest value of PCE from all variations of improvement was obtained from the improvement of counter electrode by 0.1%. While the standard PCE value of DSSC was 0.005%.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan produksi hidrogen hingga saat ini terus dilakukan salah satunya teknologi fotoelektrokimia. Terbaru, konfigurasi sel dye sensitized photoelectrochemical-dye sensitized solar cells (DSPEC-DSSC) mulai dikembangkan agar diperoleh efisiensi yang tinggi dan sistem respon terhadap cahaya tampak. Pada penelitian ini fokus pada penggunaan fotoanoda pada sistem DSPEC berupa TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) yang tersensitasi oleh S,N-Graphene Quantum Dots (S,N-GQDs), katoda berupa Pt/Ti, elektroda referensi berupa Ag/AgCl, sedangkan pada sistem DSSC digunakan fotoanoda TNTAs tersensitasi N719 dan katoda Pt/Ti. TNTAs dianodisasi dari plat Ti dengan elektrolit berupa larutan aqueous, NH4F 0,5%, dan variasi konsentrasi CMC 1-2,5% pada pH 5. Proses anodisasi divariasikan pada voltase 10-25 V selama 2 jam. Pada konsentrasi Na-CMC yang rendah (1%) struktur tubular yang diperoleh disorganisir, di sisi lain pada konsentrasi Na-CMC yang lebih tinggi diamati keseragaman dan keteraturan susunan nanotubes terbentuk, di mana pada penelitian ini Na-CMC 2% memberikan yang hasil terbaik. Aktivitas fotokatalitik terbaik, dalam hal arus yang dihasilkan diperoleh oleh film TNTAs dalam kondisi sintesis berbasis elektrolit aqueous dan kondisi potensial bias 0,5% NH4F, 2% CMC, dan 20 V, dan TNTAs ini menunjukkan porositas terbaik (41,14%) dan lapisan penipisan terkecil (4,34 nm) dibandingkan film TNTA lainnya. Pada sensitizer S,N-GQDs disintesis dari prekursor asam sitrat dan tiourea secara hidrotermal pada suhu 160°C selama 4 jam. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan TNTAs/S,N-GQDs memilikirespon pada cahaya tampak. Pengujian hidrogen pada konfigurasi sel DSPEC-DSSC dihubungkan secara insitu dengan alat kromatografi gas yang dilengkapi dengan detektor TCD dan kolom packed Molecular Sieve dilakukan setiap 30 menit selama 3 jam. Tandem sel DSPEC-DSSC dengan fotoanoda DSPEC berupa TNTAs/S,N-GQDs mampu memproduksi hidrogen sebesar 3,57 μmol dan % yield H2 sebesar 0,35%. Efisiensi sel yang dihasilkan tiga kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sistem tandem sel DSPEC-DSSC yang menggunakan TNTAs/GQDs.

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The hydrogen production still develop until now, one of which is photoelectrochemical technology. Recently, the configuration of dye-sensitive photoelectrochemical-dye-sensitized solar cells (DSPEC-DSSC) was being developed in order to obtain high efficiency and a response system to visible light. In this study, the focus reasearch is on the use of photoanodes in DSPEC systems in the form of TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) which was sensitized by S,N-Graphene Quantum Dots (S,N-GQDs), cathodes in the form of Pt/Ti, reference electrodes in the form of Ag/AgCl, whereas in the DSSC system used N719 sensitized TNTAs and Pt/Ti cathodes. TNTAs were anodized from Ti plates by aqueous electrolyte, NH4F 0.5%, and variations in CMC concentrations of 1-2.5% at pH 5. The anodizing process was varied at 10-25 V voltage for 2 hours. At low concentrations of Na-CMC (1%) the tubular structure obtained was inorganized, on the other hand at the higher Na-CMC concentrations observed the uniformity and regularity of the arrangement of nanotubes formed, where in this study 2% Na-CMC gave the best results . The best photocatalytic activity, in terms of the current generated is obtained by TNTAs films under aqueous electrolyte-based synthesis conditions and a bias potential condition of 0.5% NH4F, 2% CMC, and 20 V, and these TNTAs show the best porosity (41.14%) and the smallest thinning layer (4.34 nm) compared to other TNTA films. Sensitizer S,N-GQDs was synthesized from the hydrothermal citric acid and thiourea precursors at 160° C for 4 hours. The characterization results showed TNTAs/S,N-GQDs have responses in visible light. Hydrogen testing in the DSPEC-DSSC cell configuration was applied by a gas chromatograph equipped with a TCD detector and a packed Molecular Sieve column performed every 30 minutes for 3 hours. DSPEC-DSSC tandem cells with DSPEC photoanodes in the form of TNTAs/S,N-GQDs are able to produce hydrogen of 3.57 μmol and% H2 yield of 0.35%. The efficiency of the cells produced is three times greater than the DSPEC-DSSC cell tandem system which uses TNTAs/GQDs.

Abstrak :
Krisis iklim disebabkan oleh ketergantungan manusia akan energi berbahan dasar fosil berdampak pada peningkatan gas CO2 ke atmosfer bumi. Hal tersebut menyebabkan suhu rata-rata global meningkat dan berimplikasi pada bencana alam yang terjadi di seluruh dunia. Maka dari itu diperlukan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan dapat diperbaharui. Salah satu sumber energi alternatif itu adalah Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Berbasis N719. Pada pernelitian ini disusun perangkat DSSC dengan TiO2- nanotubes sebagai semikonduktor, ruthenium complex dye N719 sebagai fotosensitizer, Platina sebagai elektroda pembanding, dan elektrolit (I-/I3-). Preparasi TiO2-nanotubes dengan metode two-step anodization pada variasi waktu anodisasi 30, 60, 90, 180 menit. Material kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS-DRS, dan potensiostat. Hasil penelitian tinggi tabung, dye loading, dan efisiensi DSSC pada variasi waktu anodisasi 30, 60, 90, 180 menit secara berurutan tinggi tabung sebesar 5,28 μm; 7,61 μm; 11,43 μm; 9,45 μm, dye loading sebesar 67,13 nmol/cm2; 125,44 nmol/cm2; 237,97 nmol/cm2; 207,91 nmol/cm2, dan persen efisiensi DSSC 1,72%; 2,13%; 3,32%; 3,03%. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan nilai optimum persen efisiensi DSSC berbanding lurus dengan tinggi tabung dan dye loading TiO2-nanotubes. ......Climate crisis caused by human need for fossil fuel energy have an impact on increasing CO2 emission gas into the atmosphere. More than that, disaster linked to the climate crisis has always been part of our Earth’s system but they are becoming more frequent and intense as the world warms due to an increase the Earth’s average temperature. Therefore we need alternative energy that can be renewed as well as environmentally friendly. One of the renewable and green energy is Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) based on dye N719. In this research, The DSSC device fabricated by TiO2-nanotubes as semoconductor, ruthenium complex dye N719 as photosensitizer, Platina (Pt) as counter electrode, and electrolyte solution (I-/I3-). The preparation of TiO2-nanotubes by two-step anodization method followed by anodization time treatment into four variations, these were in 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 180 minutes to get highly ordered length of TiO2-nanotubes. These materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS- DRS, dan Electrochemical Work Station. The results of tube length, dye loading, and DSSCs efficiency at four variations of anodization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 180 minutes sequentially are tube length of 5,28 μm; 7,61 μm; 11,43 μm; 9,45 μm, dye loading of 67,13 nmol/cm2; 125,44 nmol/cm2; 237,97 nmol/cm2; 207,91 nmol/cm2, dan DSSC efficiency of 1,72%; 2,13%; 3,32%; 3,03%. The results show optimum value of DSSC efficiency directly proportional to tube length and dye loading of TiO2-nanotubes.

Abstrak :
Telah dipabrikasi sel surya TiO2 nanokristal padat tersensitisasi dye menggunakan ekstrak antosianin dari kol merah sebagai fotosensitizer. Sel surya dibentuk dengan struktur sandwich, dimana dua elektroda mengapit elektrolit polimer yang mengandung kopel redoks I-/I3 -. Salah satu elektroda, yaitu elektroda kerja berupa lapisan TiO2 pada substrat kaca berlapis bahan TCO (transparent conducting oxide) disensitisasi dengan dye antosianin sebagai donor elektron dalam sistem sel surya ini. Elektroda lain berupa lempengan karbon sebagai elektroda lawan. Elektrolit gel berbasis PEG (polyethylene glycol) mengandung kopel redoks I-/I3 - digunakan sebagai pengganti elektrolit cair pada sel fotoelektrokimia ini. Dua sel yang dipabrikasi memiliki luas 1 cm2 direndam dengan dye antosianin masing-masing selama 1 jam dan 24 jam. Sel-sel ini diuji dengan penyinaran menggunakan lampu halogen 24 Watt dengan intensitas 4 mW/cm2 pada jarak 30 cm. Hasil pengujian sel-sel ini memperlihatkan karakteristik I-V yang ideal dengan parameter keluaran: tegangan rangkaian buka (VOC) 500 mV, arus rangkaian pendek (ISC) 5,6 µA dan 7,2 µA untuk masingmasing sel, fill factor (ff) 48% untuk kedua sel, konversi energi (η) 0,023% dan 0,055% masing-masing untuk sel yang direndam dengan dye selama 1 jam dan 24 jam.

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The use of Red Cabbage?s anthocyanine extract as a photosensitizer on a Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cell. A solid-state dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell utilizing anthocyanin extract form red cabbage as photosensitizer was fabricated. The solar cell was formed in sandwich structure, which two electrodes sandwiching polymer electrolyte containing a redox couple (I-/I3 -). One of the electrodes, namely working electrode, TiO2 layer on TCO (transparent conducting oxide) coated glass substrate was sensitized with anthocyanin dye as electron donor in the system. Another electrode was a carbon sheet as a counter electrode. Gel electrolyte based on PEG (polyethylene glycol) containing a redox couple (I-/I3 -) used instead of liquid electrolyte in this photoelectrochemical cell. Two fabricated cells have an active area of 1 cm2 were soaked with anthocyanine dye for 1 hr and 24 hrs, respectively. The cells were tested by irradiation with halogen lamp of 24 Watt with intensity 4 mW/cm2 at a distance 30 cm. The testing results of the cells show an ideal I-V characteristic with output parameters: open circuit voltage (VOC) of 500 mV, short circuit current (ISC) of 5,6 µA and 7,2 µA for each cells, fill factor (FF) of 48% for both cells, energy conversion (η) of 0.023 % and 0,055 % for the cells with 1 hr and 24 hrs dye soaked, respectively.

Abstrak :
Counter electrode berbasis carbon nanotube (CNT) dengan metode spray- coating untuk aplikasi sel surya dye-sensitized telah dikembangkan. Larutan CNT di-spray di atas substrat TCO dengan menggunakan spray gun. Counter electrode dibuat 4 variasi spraying: 10x, 15x, 25x, dan 55x. Karakteristik I-V dan efisiensi sel dipengaruhi oleh ketebalan lapisan, luas area sentuh counter electrode dengan elektrolit, transmitans, dan sheet resistance counter electrode. Karakteristik I-V dan efisiensi sel terbesar didapat pada counter electrode dengan spraying CNT sebanyak 55x. Efisiensi sel terbaik hasil penelitian sebesar 1,90 %. ......Counter electrode based on carbon nanotube (CNT) by using spray-coating method for dye-sensitized solar cells have been successfully developed. CNT solution was sprayed on TCO substrate by using a spray gun. Counter electrode was made 4 variations of spraying: 10, 15, 25, and 55 times. The I-V characteristics and cell efficiency are influenced by thickness, touch area counter electrode with the electrolyte, transmittance, and sheet resistance of the counter electrode. The best I-V characteristics and efficiency of cells were obtained on 55 times of spraying of CNT counter electrode. The best efficiency of cells is about 1.90 %.