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"This paper empirically analyses the role of Islamic banking in financial intermediation costs as measured by net interest margins for a leading dual banking country, Malaysia. Controlling for theoretically motivated determinants of the margins, the paper compares the interest/financing margins of conventional and Islamic banks and examines the impacts of Islamic banking presence on bank margins. The analysis provides evidence of the higher margins of Islamic banks compared to those of conventional banks. Further, the difference in bank margins between the two types of banks can be attributed to differences in market power, operating costs, and diversification. Finally, Islamic banking presence or penetration, as represented by the ratio of Islamic financing to aggregate bank credit/financing and, alternatively, the share of Islamic banking assets, is robustly associated with lower bank margins, on average. These results bear important implications for the development of the Islamic banking industry and in fostering the efficient allocation of financial resources by the banking system."

"Dengan regresi data panel menggunakan Two Step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), penelitian ini mengevaluasi variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi perbedaan Net Interest Margin (NIM) pada bank konvensional atau Net Profit and Loss Sharing Margin (NPM) pada Bank syariah di negara sistem perbankan ganda periode 2016-2022. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NPM bank syariah dan NIM bank konvensional di Indonesia adalah tertinggi di antara negara-negara lainnya, mengindikasikan tingginya biaya intermediasi perbankan di Indonesia dan inefisiensi. NPM bank syariah di Indonesia sangat tinggi, menggambarkan kurangnya daya saing dibandingkan dengan bank konvensional. Selain itu, ketika melihat negara dengan sistem perbankan ganda, NPM bank syariah selalu lebih tinggi dibandingkan bank konvensional. Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi NIM dan NPM mencakup variabel-variabel spesifik bank, industri, dan makroekonomi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa risiko likuiditas, efisiensi, kekuatan pasar, ukuran bank, dan pembayaran bunga implisit yang termasuk kategori spesifik bank adalah faktor utama yang menyebabkan perbedaan NPM yang lebih besar pada bank syariah. Sebaliknya, variabel makroekonomi dan industri tidak terbukti menyebabkan perbedaan NPM yang lebih besar pada bank syariah dibandingkan NIM bank konvensional.

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Using panel data regression with the Two Step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), this study evaluates the variables affecting the differences in Net Interest Margin (NIM) of conventional banks or Net Profit and Loss Sharing Margin (NPM) of Islamic banks in dual banking system countries for the period 2016-2022. The study results show that the NPM of Islamic banks and the NIM of conventional banks in Indonesia are the highest among other countries, indicating high banking intermediation costs and inefficiency in Indonesia. The NPM of Islamic banks in Indonesia is very high, reflecting a lack of competitiveness compared to conventional banks. Additionally, when looking at countries with dual banking systems, the NPM of Islamic banks is always higher than that of conventional banks. The analysis of factors affecting NIM and NPM includes bank- specific, industry, and macroeconomic variables. The results show that liquidity risk, efficiency, market power, bank size, and implicit interest payments, which fall into the bank-specific category, are the main factors causing greater NPM differences in Islamic banks. In contrast, macroeconomic and industry variables are not proven to cause greater NPM differences in Islamic banks compared to NIM in conventional banks."