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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Kebijakan pemanfaatan Dimetil Eter (DME) untuk substitusi LPG sangat diperlukan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor LPG dan beban subsidi yang terus meningkat. Diproyeksikan Kebutuhan LPG pada sektor rumah tangga mencapai 14 juta TOE pada tahun 2035 dengan pangsa impor sebesar 71%. Ide utama pada penelitian ini adalah menghitung keekonomian DME dengan melakukan perbandingan harga produksi DME dari bahan baku gas alam, batubara, biomassa dengan harga impor LPG sehingga didapatkan dua skenario penghematan terhadap harga LPG non subsidi dan LPG subsidi. Keekonomian DME dievaluasi melalui basis perhitungan kapasitas produksi 15000 ton/hari dengan metode Discounted Cash Flow untuk memperoleh harga FOB DME dengan IRR 10%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis sensitivitas parameter yang mempengaruhi harga DME. Dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan harga FOB DME dari gas alam, batubara dan biomassa berturut-turut adalah Rp.5,4 Juta/ton, Rp.2,5 Juta/ton, Rp.5,5 Juta/ton. Sedangkan dari dua skenario perhitungan penghematan, didapatkan penghematan hanya dari produksi DME dari batubara dengan nilai penghematan terhadap LPG non subsidi sebesar Rp7,28 triliun/tahun, dan penghematan subsidi sebesar Rp.8,9 triliun/tahun. Hasil analisis sensitivitas menunjukan harga bahan baku dan penjualan listrik merupakan parameter yang sensitif terhadap harga DME. Sehingga direkomendasikan kepada Pemerintah untuk mensubstitusi LPG dari DME berbahan baku batubara dengan tetap mengatur harga batubara agar bahan bakar DME dapat bersaing/kompetitif terhadap harga LPG.

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ABSTRACT Policy of Dimethyl Ether (DME) utilization for LPG substitution is required to reduce dependence on imported LPG and subsidy which increase continuously. The projected need for LPG in the household sector reached 14 million TOE in 2035 with the share of imports by 71%. The idea of this research is to calculate the economics of DME by comparing DME production cost from raw material of natural gas, coal, biomass to LPG import prices thus obtained two scenarios savings on the price of non-subsidized LPG and subsidized LPG. DME economics are evaluated on the basis of the production capacity of 15000 tons / day with the Discounted Cash Flow method to obtain FOB price of DME with an IRR of 10%. The next step is to calculate the sensitivity analysis of parameters that influence the price of DME. From the calculation results obtained FOB DME price of natural gas, coal and biomass are respectively Rp.5,4 million / ton, Rp.2,5 million / ton, Rp.5,5 million / ton. Based on two scenarios for the calculation of savings, the savings obtained only from the production of DME from coal with a value of savings to non-subsidized LPG Rp. 7.28 trillion / year, and Rp.8,9 trillion / year for subsidized LPG. The results of the sensitivity analysis shows the price of raw materials and sale of electricity is a sensitive parameter to the price of DME. It is recommended to the Government to substitute LPG from DME made from raw coal by observing scenarios coal price regulation to ensure that the price of DME can compete with the price of LPG.

Abstrak :
Dimethyl ether (DME) is a type of renewable energy that could replace the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia. Nevertheless, DME can cause degradation of rubber-based materials. Therefore, the performance of rubber that has been degraded by DME must be improved. This research study aims are to determine the degradation characteristics of modified vulcanized natural rubber in a DME environment. The effect of the filler (carbon black) and plasticizer (minarex-B) components of vulcanized natural rubber was examined. The vulcanized rubber samples were comprised of 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of filler and 0, 10 and 20 phr of plasticizer. The degradation of the mass and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Degradation testing was conducted by immersing the samples inside a pressure vessel that was filled with the liquid phase of DME. The results indicate that the increasing of the filler composition reduces the impact of degradation, while the increasing of the plasticizer composition has the opposite effect. The plasticizer is needed to distribute the filler to all parts of the rubber. Consequently, a filler composition of 30 phr and a plasticizer composition of 10 phr provide a vulcanized natural rubber with optional protection against the degradation caused by DME. The characteristics of natural rubber, as measured by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that DME does not damage the structure of the polymer chains, although DME may react with some ingredients in the rubber that have a similar polarity.

Abstrak :
Dimethyl ether (DME) is a type of renewable energy that could replace the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia. Nevertheless, DME can cause degradation of rubber-based materials. Therefore, the performance of rubber that has been degraded by DME must be improved. This research study aims are to determine the degradation characteristics of modified vulcanized natural rubber in a DME environment. The effect of the filler (carbon black) and plasticizer (minarex-B) components of vulcanized natural rubber was examined. The vulcanized rubber samples were comprised of 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of filler and 0, 10 and 20 phr of plasticizer. The degradation of the mass and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Degradation testing was conducted by immersing the samples inside a pressure vessel that was filled with the liquid phase of DME. The results indicate that the increasing of the filler composition reduces the impact of degradation, while the increasing of the plasticizer composition has the opposite effect. The plasticizer is needed to distribute the filler to all parts of the rubber. Consequently, a filler composition of 30 phr and a plasticizer composition of 10 phr provide a vulcanized natural rubber with optional protection against the degradation caused by DME. The characteristics of natural rubber, as measured by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that DME does not damage the structure of the polymer chains, although DME may react with some ingredients in the rubber that have a similar polarity.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kopolimer cangkok DPNR-g-PAN/PS yang tahan terhadap DME dengan melakukan uji perendaman terhadap DME berdasarkan pengaruh rasio monomer akrilonitril dan stirena. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa monomer akrilonitril (AN) dapat dicangkokkan pada karet alam dengan stirena (ST) sebagai ko-monomer. Dari karakteristik analisis spektrum dengan FTIR didapatkan gugus CN dan gugus benzena yang merupakan gugus dari poliakrilonitril (PAN) dan polistirena (PS). Karakterisasi temperatur transisi gelas (Tg) dengan DSC menunjukkan bahwa nilai Tg kopolimer DPNR-g-PAN/PS lebih tinggi dari Tg DPNR. Dari karakteristik Efisiensi Cangkok (EC) didapatkan nilai tertinggi adalah 73,21%. Berdasarkan karakteristik cure didapatkan bahwa semakin kecil rasio AN/ST, nilai optimum cure semakin tinggi dan scorch time yang semakin rendah. Hasil dari sifat-sifat fisik tensile strength, elongation at break dan hardness menunjukkan keberhasilan kopolimerisasi. Pengujian DPNR dan DPNR-g-PAN/PS dilakukan dalam DME. Semakin besar komposisi monomer (M) dan AN, semakin kecil persentase swelling massa dan volume. Komposisi AN untuk swelling terendah adalah 92%. Komposisi ST optimal untuk memperkecil shrinkage adalah 20%. Swelling massa dan volume terrendah dicapai pada 23,14% dan 31,90%. Shrinkage massa dan volume terrendah dicapai pada masing-masing -3,64% dan -3,86%. Pada analisis spektrum FTIR karet vulkanisat, kemungkinan putusnya ikatan rangkap C=C hanya karena interaksi DME pada DPNR bebas. Hal ini yang menimbulkan terjadinya shrinkage. Kehadiran PAN sebagai polimer bebas dapat berfungsi sebagai penahan difusi, sehingga total PAN yang tergrafting dan PAN bebas dapat memperkecil swelling dan shrinkage. Pada perubahan sifat fisik, interaksi karet DPNR ataupun DPNR-g-PAN/PS dengan DME menyebabkan menurunnya nilai tensile strength, elongation at break dan hardness. Pada analisis SEM terlihat perbedaan yang terjadi akibat swelling dan shrinkage massa dan volume setelah perendaman. Pada pengujian perbandingan dengan Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) hasil menunjukkan bahwa daya tahan terhadap DME adalah NBR-1 < DPNR-g-PAN/PS < NBR-2. Dari hasil pengujian-pengujian dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses kopolimerisasi cangkok dapat meningkatkan daya tahan karet alam terhadap DME.

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This study aims to obtain graft copolymer DPNR-g-PAN/PS which is resistant to immersion DME. The immersion test of the DME based on the ratio acrylonitrile and styrene monomer. The results showed that the monomer acrylonitrile (AN) can be grafted on natural rubber with styrene (ST) as co-monomer. From the characteristics of the FTIR spectrum analysis obtained CN groups and clusters of benzene which is a group of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene (PS). Characterization of the glass transition temperature (Tg) by DSC shows that Tg values copolymer DPNR-g-PAN/PS higher than Tg DPNR. The characteristics of the Grafting Efficiency (GE) obtained the highest value is 73.21%. Based on the cure characteristics, it was found that the smaller the ratio AN/ST, the higher of the optimum cure and the lower scorch time. The results of the physical properties of tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness show success copolymerization. The immersion test DPNR and DPNR-g-PAN/PS performed in DME. The larger the monomer composition (M) and AN, the smaller the percentage of swelling mass and volume. The composition of AN to the lowest swelling is 92%. ST optimal composition to minimize the shrinkage is 20%. The lowest of the swelling mass and volume reached at 23.14% and 31.90% respectively. Mass and volume shrinkage achieved at the lowest -3.64% and -3.86% respectively. In the FTIR spectrum analysis of vulcanized rubber, the possibility of the outbreak of the C=C double bond simply because of the interaction of the DPNR free and DME. This has led to an shrinkage. The presence of PAN as a free polymer can serve as a diffusion barrier, so that the total PAN grafted and PAN free can reduce swelling and shrinkage. On the change of physical properties, interaction DPNR rubber or DPNR-g-PAN/PS with DME caused a decline in the value of tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness. In the SEM analysis of visible differences that occur due to swelling and shrinkage of mass and volume after immersion. In comparative testing with a Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) results indicate that resistance to DME is NBR-1 < DPNR-g-PAN/PS < NBR-2. From the results of the tests can be concluded that the graft copolymerization process can improve the resistance of natural rubber to the DME.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Dimethyl ether products (DME) can be used as alternative energy sources that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. In this DME purification plant, the feed with DME, methanol and water composition will be separated so that pure DME is obtained with a concentration of 99. In this study, Multivariable Model Predictive Control is used to control the process of DME purification plant. The performance of MMPC in both DME and methanol purification process has been conducted in previous research with separate system. This research is proposed towards the stability of both system when combined and its economic analysis when compared with standard MPC and PID Controller. The consideration when combining DME purification process and methanol purification process is the bottom product of DME purification column where it also acts as methanol purification column feed. Valve conductance needs to be adjusted accordingly to satisfy both systems. Retuning MMPC parameters is based on Wahid-Utomo (2019) and Wahid-Brillianto (2019) tuning parameters. The results of retuning yield a better control performance throughout the entire purification process. The retuning parameters value for T, P, and M are 10, 40, and 50 for DME purification process and 1, 40, and 50 for methanol purification process. The improvement on IAE are from 35.31% to 56.24% for DME purification and 20.06% to 94.91% for methanol purification process. Furthermore, installing MMPC proved to be economically feasible with a positive NPV of Rp 10,216,077 when compared to PI controller.

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ABSTRACT Produk Dimethyl ether (DME) dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Di pabrik pemurnian DME ini, umpan dengan komposisi DME, metanol, dan air akan dipisahkan sehingga DME murni diperoleh dengan konsentrasi 99. Dalam penelitian ini, Multivariable Model Predictive Control digunakan untuk mengontrol proses pabrik pemurnian DME. Kinerja MMPC dalam proses pemurnian DME dan metanol telah dilakukan dalam penelitian sebelumnya dengan sistem terpisah. Penelitian ini diusulkan terhadap stabilitas kedua sistem ketika dikombinasikan dan analisis ekonominya bila dibandingkan dengan MPC dan PID controller. Pertimbangan saat menggabungkan proses pemurnian DME dan proses pemurnian metanol adalah produk dasar kolom pemurnian DME di mana juga bertindak sebagai umpan kolom pemurnian metanol. Valve conductance perlu disesuaikan untuk memenuhi kedua sistem. Retuning parameter MMPC didasarkan pada parameter tuning Wahid-Utomo (2019) dan Wahid-Brillianto (2019). Hasil retuning menghasilkan kinerja kontrol yang lebih baik di seluruh proses pemurnian. Nilai parameter retuning untuk T, P, dan M adalah 10, 40, dan 50 untuk proses pemurnian DME dan 1, 40, dan 50 untuk proses pemurnian metanol. Peningkatan IAE adalah dari 35,31% menjadi 56,24% untuk pemurnian DME dan 20,06% menjadi 94,91% untuk proses pemurnian metanol. Selain itu, menginstal MMPC terbukti layak secara ekonomi dengan NPV positif sebesar Rp 10.216.077 jika dibandingkan dengan pengontrol PI.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas terkait energi terbarukan yang akan menggantikan salah satu energi yang dibutuhkan masyarakat, yaitu Liquiefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Energi terbarukan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah Dimethyl Ether (DME). Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa studi numerik melalui software Ansys yang dapat menganalisa suatu fluida, dalam hal ini api yang dihasilkan dari Dimethyl Ether (DME). Terdapat beberapa variabel yang diteliti pada skripsi ini, yaitu temperature pada inlet fuel dan wall nozzle, kecepatan inlet fuel, dan ukuran nozzle yang digunakan pada area api. Hasil penilitian ini menghasilkan karakteristik api Dimethyl Ether (DME) yang baik sehingga dapat diaplikasikan dalam penggunaan Dimethyl Ether (DME) nantinya untuk keperluan masyarakat ataupun industri. ...... This thesis discusses about renewable energy which will replace one of the energy needed by the community, namely Liquiefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The renewable energy discussed in this thesis is Dimethyl Ether (DME). This research uses a numerical study analysis through Ansys software which can analyze a fluid, in this case a fire produced from Dimethyl Ether (DME). There are several variables studied in this thesis, namely the temperature at the fuel inlet and nozzle wall, the fuel inlet velocity, and the size of the nozzle used in the fire area. The results of this research produce good fire characteristics of Dimethyl Ether (DME) so that it can be applied in the use of Dimethyl Ether (DME) later for community or industrial purposes.

Abstrak :
In the future, medium for energy carrier of fossil fuel shoul match the criteria such as energy prices, efficiency, and environment sound to win the competition....

Abstrak :
Pemanfaatan DME sebagai bahan bakar di Indonesia perlu medapat perhatian khusus dikarenakan bahan bakar DME dapat diperoleh dan diproduksikan dari batubara maupun biomassa yang merupakan sumber energi baru terbarukan. Dengan demikian diperlukan kajian yang menyeluruh terutama untuk membuat suatu Infrastruktur bahan bakar DME yang diperuntukan bagi bagi semua sektor, yaitu Transportasi, Industri dan Rumahtangga. Kegiatan pemanfaatan DME sebagai bahan bakar untuk kendaraan merupakan rangkaian kegiatan dari penelitian pemanfaatan DME sebagai bahan bakar pada kendaraan dan Kajian DME sebagai bahan bakar sektor transportasi, industri dan rumahtangga yang lebih memfokuskan pada pembentukan infrastruktur bahan bakar DME, merupakan kegiatan untuk mendukung Kebijakan Pemerintah demi terciptanya ketahanan Energi Nasional.

Abstrak :
Kebutuhan energi yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, dimana ketergantungan terhadap minyak bumi dan terakhir terhadap LPG perlu disiasati dengan mencari sumber energi baru. Dimetil Eter dinilai sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang potensial menimbang sumber bahan baku pembuatan DME dapat diperoleh dari biomassa, batubara dan gas alam, yang mana merupakan sumber bahan baku yang terbarukan dan tidak terbarukan, menjamin ketersediaan DME secara terus-menerus. Kajian pustaka terhadap keekonomian pembuatan Dimetil Eter dari tiga bahan baku tersebut dengan menggunakan Indirect dan Direct Technology) akan dibahas, yang mana lebih lanjut analisa pada tesis ini hanya terbatas kepada bahan baku biomassa dan batubara saja. Dengan membandingkan empat variasi yaitu BB1PI ( Biomassa ? direct technology), BB2P1 (Batubara- direct technology), BB1P2 ( Biomassa ? indirect technology), BB2P2 (Batubara- indirect technology) dengan basis kapasitas produksi DME 5.000 ton/hari (351 hari operasional) dan harga DME adalah USD 1.000/ MT DME atau USD 907.220/ ton DME diperoleh nilai CAPEX dan OPEX terendah USD 3.203.965.095,66 dan USD 373.546.794,34 berturut, dengan nilai IRR tertinggi 38% dan PBP (Pay Back Period) terendah 2.63 tahun untuk variasi BB2P1 (Batubara - direct Technology). Sehingga dengan membandingkan empat variasi tersebut diatas diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa bahan baku dan proses teknologi yang dinilai paling ekonomis didalam penerapannya adalah variasi BB2P1 (Batubara-direct technology). ...... The need for energy is increasing from year to year, where the dependence on petroleum and LPG should last to overcome by finding new sources of energy. Dimethyl Ether assessed as a potential alternative sources of energy considering its raw material can be obtained from biomass, coal and natural gas, which is the renewable source of raw materials and non-renewable, ensuring the availability of DME continuously. Literature review on the economical manufacture of Dimethyl Ether from three raw materials by using Indirect and Direct Technology will be discussed, which further analysis in this thesis is limited to biomass and coal feedstock only. By comparing the four variations of the BB1PI (Biomass - direct technology), BB2P1 (Coal - direct technology), BB1P2 (Biomass - indirect technology), BB2P2 (Coal - indirect technology), with base DME production capacity of 5,000 tons / day (351 operational days) with price USD 1,000/MT DME or USD 907.220/ ton DME, obtained lowest CAPEX and OPEX values USD 3,203,965,095.66 and USD 373,546,794.34 respectively, with the highest value of IRR 38% and the lowest value of PBP (Payback Period) 2.63 years for BB2P1 variation (Coal - Direct Technology). Therefore, by comparing the four variations of the above it is concluded that the raw materials and process technologies are considered the most economical in its application is BB2P1 (Coal-direct technology).