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"Dalam penelitian ini, reaksi alkilasi benzena dengan asam lewis AlCl3 menggunakan diklorometana sebagai electrophilic agent dan cairan ionik sebagai katalis. Asam lewis AlCl3 didikombinasikan dengan cairan ionik membentuk katalis cairan ionik asam. Katalis cairan ionik asam dibuat dengan perbandingan mol [bmim]Cl/AlCl3 1:1,8. Katalis ini dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukan serapan =CN pada 1340,53 cm-1 dan serapan C?Cl pada 752,24 cm-1. Selain itu, katalis AlCl3 dan [bmim]Cl/AlCl3 diimpregnasi ke dalam silika gel untuk membentuk AlCl3-silika gel dan [bmim]Cl/AlCl3-silika gel. Hasil karakterisasi katalis ini dengan FTIR menunjukan serapan Si-O-Si pada 1083,99 cm-1 dan serapan Si-O-Al pada 418,12 cm-1. Reaksi Alkilasi dilakukan dengan variasi waktu dan suhu. Produk reaksi dianalisis dengan GC dan menunjukan persen konversi benzena dengan waktu reaksi 3 jam masing-masing sebesar 27,04% pada suhu 30°C menggunakan katalis AlCl3 dan 24,64 % pada suhu 10°C menggunakan katalis cairan ionik asam. Konversi dengan AlCl3-silika gel menunjukan konversi benzena sebesar 21,42% dan 0% menggunakan katalis [bmim]Cl/AlCl3-silika gel. Identifikasi produk dilakukan dengan GC-MS dan menunjukkan terbentuknya benzil klorida sebagai produk intermediet.

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In this study, the alkylation reaction of benzene with Lewis acid AlCl3 was conducted using Dichloromethane as the electrophilic agent and ionic liquid [bmim]Cl as catalyst. The Lewis acid AlCl3 was combined with [bmim]Cl to produce acidic ionic liquid, which was prepared by a fixed molar ratio of [bmim]Cl/AlCl3 1:1,8. This acid catalyst was characterized by FTIR.

The FTIR spectrum showed the absorption band of =CN at 1340,53 cm-1 and C?Cl absorption band at 752,24 cm-1. In addition, AlCl3 and [bmim]Cl/AlCl3 catalysts were impregnated into silica gel to produce AlCl3-silica gel and [bmim]Cl/AlCl3-silica gel. The FTIR spectra showed the absorption of Si-O-Si at 1083,99 cm-1 and Si-O-Al absorption at 418,12 cm-1. The alkylation reactions were carried out by varying the reaction time and the reactions temperature.

The reaction products were analyzed by GC and showed the percentage conversion of benzene in 3 hours were respectively 27,04% at 30°C using AlCl3 catalyst and 24,64 % at 10°C using [bmim]Cl/AlCl3 catalyst. Meanwhile the conversion with AlCl3-silica gel catalyst showed the benzene conversion of 21,42% and 0% using [bmim]Cl/AlCl3-silca gel catalyst. The products identification were conducted by GC-MS and showed benzyl chloride compound as the intermediate product."

"Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) terdiri dari selulosa, lignin, dan hemiselulosa. Di antara komponen hemiselulosa, xilan adalah yang paling dominan. Xilan dapat dikonversi menjadi furfural dengan proses hidrolisis menjadi xilosa diikuti tahapan dehidrasi. Furfural telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri sebagai prekursor dan aditif, pelarut, dan produk antara, serta memiliki permintaan dan pasar yang tinggi. Penambahan pelarut organik pada sistem dua fasa dapat meningkatkan konversi xilan menjadi furfural dengan mengurangi reaksi samping dari pembuatan furfural dengan kondisi furfural yang stabil dalam pelarut dan mengekstraksi senyawa furfural dengan cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan konversi xilan menjadi furfural pada biomassa TKKS dengan memanfaatkan Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) berbahan dasar kolin klorida, asam oksalat, dan etilen glikol dalam sistem dua fasa menggunakan pelarut diklorometana (DCM) dengan katalis AlCl3.6H2O. Penelitian ini menggunakan model substrat xilan 5w/w% terhadap DES sebagai medium reaksi. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh parameter waktu (30, 60, dan 90 menit) dan suhu konversi (100, 120, dan 140℃), serta rasio DES/DCM (1:3, 1:4, dan 1:5 v/v). Kondisi operasi yang paling optimum diperoleh dengan pendekatan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan model Box-Behnken. Kondisi operasi optimum diperoleh pada rasio diklorometana/DES 5:1, waktu selama 90 menit, dan suhu 140℃ dengan perolehan yield furfural pada fase organik sebesar 47,36%. Walaupun interaksi ketiga kondisi operasi hanya memiliki hubungan linear terhadap yield furfural sehingga belum dapat ditentukan nilai optimum setiap variabelnya, hasil yield furfural yang diperoleh lebih tinggi di antara beberapa hasil dari penelitian lain mengenai konversi xilan menjadi furfural dengan sistem dua fasa menggunakan DES.

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Empty palm oil bunches (EFB) consist of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Among the hemicellulose components, xylan is the most dominant. By hydrolyzing xylose and subsequently dehydrating it, xylan can be converted to furfural. Furfural has a strong demand and market since it is used in a variety of sectors as a precursor and additive, solvent, and intermediate product. By decreasing side reactions from furfural production with stable furfural conditions in the solvent and extracting furfural compounds quickly, the addition of organic solvents to a biphasic system can boost furfural production. A biphasic system is a mixture of two totally or partially dissolved phases, an organic phase and a reactive solution phase. This research aims to increase the conversion of xylan to furfural in EFB biomass by utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) based on choline chloride, oxalic acid and ethylene glycol in a biphasic system using dichloromethane (DCM) solvent with an AlCl3.6H2O catalyst. The substrate for this research is 5% xylan. This research will test the influence of time parameters (30, 60, and 90 minutes) and conversion temperature (100, 120, and 140℃), as well as the DES/DCM ratio (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 v/v). To assess the furfural content in the organic phase, furfural in the organic phase will be separated from the polar phase and examined using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography test method. The optimum operating conditions are obtained using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach with the box-behnken model. Optimum operating conditions were obtained at a dichloromethane/DES ratio of 5:1, a time of 90 minutes, and a temperature of 140℃ with a furfural yield in the organic phase of 47.36%. Although the interaction of the three operating conditions only has a linear relationship to furfural yield so that the optimum value for each variable cannot be determined, the furfural yield obtained is higher than several results from other research regarding the conversion of xylan to furfural with a biphasic system using DES."

"Reaksi alkilasi merupakan salah satu reaksi yang memerlukan katalis untuk mempercepat reaksi, biasanya digunakan katalis transfer fasa. Katalis transfer fasa yang digunakan seperti eter mahkota tidak ramah lingkungan sehingga diganti dengan cairan ionik. Cairan ionik bisa digunakan sebagai pelarut sekaligus katalis pada reaksi katalitik. Cairan ionik memiliki banyak keuntungan sebagai katalis, misalnya mudah diregenerasi. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan cairan ionik [BMIM]Cl yang diimobilisasi ke dalam silika gel sebagai katalis. Katalis cairan ionik ini merupakan katalis heterogen yang mudah dipisahkan dari reaktan. Karakterisasi silika gel dan [BMIM]Cl-silika gel dilakukan menggunakan FTIR. Spektrum FTIR pada [BMIM]Cl-silika gel menunjukkan adanya puncak serapan pada 802.39 cm-1 yang merupakan puncak serapan Cl-. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan uji katalisis [BMIM]Cl?silika gel pada reaksi alkilasi antara benzena dan diklorometana. Pada reaksi alkilasi ini, dipilih aseton sebagai pelarut polar aprotik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan waktu dan berat katalis optimum pada suhu 30°C. Hasil dikarakterisasi dengan GC-MS dan GC, diketahui produk yang terbentuk benzil klorida, didapatkan 28.93% sebagai %konversi dan 34.39% sebagai %yield terbesar pada penggunaan katalis [BMIM]Cl-silika gel.

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Alkylation is the one of chemical reaction that requires a catalyst to accelerate the reaction, usually phase transfer catalyst was used. Phase transfer catalyst such as crown ethers are not environmental friendly so are replaced by ionic liquids. Ionic liquids can be used as a solvent as well as catalyst in the catalytic reaction. Ionic liquids have many advantages as catalyst, such as easily regenerated.

In this study, ionic liquids [BMIM]Cl was immobilized into silica gel and was used as catalyst. This ionic liquid catalyst [BMIM]Cl-silica gel is a heterogeneous catalyst that easily separated from the reactants. Characterization of silica gel and [BMIM]Cl-silica gel were performed using FTIR. The FTIR spectrum of [BMIM]Cl-silica gel showed peak absorptions at 802.39 cm-1 which is the peak absorption of Cl-.

In this research, catalyst [BMIM]Cl-silika gel was used for the reaction of alkylation between benzene and dichlorometane. In this reaction, acetone was chosen as aprotic polar solvents. This research was conducted to determine the optimum condition for reaction time and the weight of catalyst at the temperature of 30°C. The reaction products were characterized using GC and GC-MS showed product from reaction is benzil chloride, 28.93% as %convertion and 34.39% as %yield using catalyst [BMIM]Cl-silica gel."

"Sediaan mengapung granul hollow microspheres mulai dikembangkan untuk memperpanjang waktu tinggal obat di dalam lambung. Formulasi granul dibuat dengan cara mendispersikan siprofloksasin HCl dan etil selulosa serta HPMC dengan pelarut etanol dan diklorometana. Pendispersian disertai pemanasan suhu 40oC dan pengadukan. Penguapan pelarut menghasilkan rongga dan pori pada granul yang membuat densitas granul menjadi rendah. Dilihat pengaruh kombinasi perbandingan pelarut terhadap mutu dan kemampuan mengapungnya. Formula dengan perbandingan etanol dan diklorometana 1:1 dipilih untuk dijadikan tablet. Pembuatan tablet menggunakan metode kempa langsung. Hasil evaluasi tablet menunjukkan tablet mampu mengapung selama 12 jam dan kinetika pelepasan obat mengikuti orde nol dan mekanisme pelepasannya difusi Fickian.

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The preparation of floating granules hollow microspheres were developed to extend the retention time of drug in stomach. The formulation prepared by dispersing ciprofloxacin HCl, ethyl cellulose, and HPMC with ethanol and dichloromethane. Dispersion process used heat 40oC with stirring. Evaporation of the solvent resulted cavities and pores inside the granules and made low density granules in the process. Formula with ratio ethanol and dichloromethane 1:1 has been chosen to be used as a tablet. The tablet was made using direct compression method. Buoyancy test and drug release tablet was evaluated. The result showed the tablet can float for 12 hours and followed zero order release kinetic and showed Fickian diffusion mechanism."

"[ABSTRAKNatrium diklofenak merupakan obat AINS yang memiliki waktu paruh yang cukup pendek yaitu 2 jam. Akibatnya, frekuensi dari pemberian obat akan menjadi lebih sering. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengatasi permasalahan waktu paruh yang pendek maka dibuatlah formulasi natrium diklofenak dengan teknologi mikrospons karena dapat memodifikasi profil pelepasan obat sehingga frekuensi pemberian obat dapat diminimalisir. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode difusi pelarut emulsi dengan pelarut yang dapat menguap yaitu diklorometana. Formulasi yang dilakukan yaitu optimasi perbandingan obat dengan polimer (1:1, 1:3, 1:5) selanjutnya dikarakterisasi dan dipilih satu formula yaitu formula 1:3 untuk dioptimasi dengan berbagai jumlah pelarut diklorometana 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, dan 20 ml. Dari hasil karakterisasi dan evaluasi, formula optimum yang didapat dengan perbandingan obat dan polimer 1:3 dan pelarut diklorometana 15 ml. Formula tersebut kemudian dijadikan sediaan kapsul. Hasil disolusi menunjukkan bahwa pelepasan obat mengikuti kinetika pelepasan orde nol.

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ABSTRACTDiclofenac sodium is an NSAIDs that has short half-life time is 2 hours. As a result, drug administration will be more frequent. Therefore, to overcome this problem, formulation of diclofenac sodium with microsponge technology has been made. It can modify drug release profile so that the frequency of drug administration can be minimized. This research was done with the emulsion solvent diffusion method, using dichloromethane as a volatile solvent. Formulation optimization was done by comparing the ratio of drug-polymer (1:1, 1:3, 1:5) and characterizing it, then the chosen formula 1:3 was optimized further with varying amounts of dichloromethane solvent (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml and 20). Based on the characterization and the evaluation, the optimum formula was using variant drug-polymer 1:3 and 15 ml dichloromethane. The formula was then made for capsules preparation. The dissolution results showed that drug release following the zero-order release kinetics;Diclofenac sodium is an NSAIDs that has short half-life time is 2 hours. As a result, drug administration will be more frequent. Therefore, to overcome this problem, formulation of diclofenac sodium with microsponge technology has been made. It can modify drug release profile so that the frequency of drug administration can be minimized. This research was done with the emulsion solvent diffusion method, using dichloromethane as a volatile solvent. Formulation optimization was done by comparing the ratio of drug-polymer (1:1, 1:3, 1:5) and characterizing it, then the chosen formula 1:3 was optimized further with varying amounts of dichloromethane solvent (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml and 20). Based on the characterization and the evaluation, the optimum formula was using variant drug-polymer 1:3 and 15 ml dichloromethane. The formula was then made for capsules preparation. The dissolution results showed that drug release following the zero-order release kinetics, Diclofenac sodium is an NSAIDs that has short half-life time is 2 hours. As a result, drug administration will be more frequent. Therefore, to overcome this problem, formulation of diclofenac sodium with microsponge technology has been made. It can modify drug release profile so that the frequency of drug administration can be minimized. This research was done with the emulsion solvent diffusion method, using dichloromethane as a volatile solvent. Formulation optimization was done by comparing the ratio of drug-polymer (1:1, 1:3, 1:5) and characterizing it, then the chosen formula 1:3 was optimized further with varying amounts of dichloromethane solvent (5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml and 20). Based on the characterization and the evaluation, the optimum formula was using variant drug-polymer 1:3 and 15 ml dichloromethane. The formula was then made for capsules preparation. The dissolution results showed that drug release following the zero-order release kinetics]"