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Abstrak :
Industri pertanian umumnya adalah industri kecil, dimana tenaga kerja yang bekerja pada industri tersebut tingkat pendidikannya sangat rendah sehingga sulit untuk berkembang dan kesadaran akan mutu sangat rendah. Dalam penelitian ini peningkatan kualitas dilakukan dengan perlakuan panas yang pemanasannya dilakukan bersama-sama dengan proses pembentukan pegangan cangkul. Perlakuan panas dilakukan dengan pemanasan sampai suhu austenit dengan variasi suhu, 900°C, 1000°C dan 1100°C, variasi penahanan 30 menit, 45 menit dan 60 menit. Proses pendinginan dengan menggunakan media pendingin air dan oli serta metode pendinginan dicelup sebagian dan dicelup seluruhnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diatas dilakukan percobaan tahap dua yaitu dengan pemanasan pada arang batok kelapa selama 60 menit, 75 menit, 90 menit dan 105 menit, kemudian dicelup kedalam media air. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dengan pemanasan sampai 900°C, dan penahan selama 30 menit kemudian dicelupkan kedalam air mendapat kekerasan 171 BHN atau naik 50 %. Pemanasan menggunakan dapur listrik dengan suhu penahanan 1000°C, selama 45 menit kemudian didinginkan dengan oli menghasilkan kekerasan tertinggi 143 BHN, dan dengan pemanasan di arang kayu selama 75 menit mendapatkan kekerasan tertinggi yaitu 187 BHN atau naik sebesar 64 %. Biaya yang diperlukan untuk perlakuan panas Rp.890,- tiap cangkul. Proses perlakuan panas dilakukan sebelum pengerjaan akhir.

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Agriculture industry is generally a small industry that the labors who work in the industry have low education so that wake difficultly to develop and have low consideration in quality. In this research quality increases done by heat treatment which is conducted together with process of hoe handle forming. Heat treatment is performed variously with heating at austenite temperature of 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C for 30, 45, 60 minutes. Cooling process is done in cool water and oil. The cooling method is done by sinking partly and wholly. Based on the above research, the second try is conducted by heating on coconut shell for 60,75, 90 and 105 minutes. Then, it is cooled in cool water. The research result that heating at approx, 900 °C for 30 minutes, then cooled in cool water is gained a hardness of 171 BHN or 50 % increases. Heating using an electric furnace at 1000 °C for 45 minutes, then cooled with oil result a highest hardness of 143 BHN. Heating using charcoal for 75 minutes is gotten a highest hardness of 187 BHN or 64 % increases. Cost spent for this heat treatment is Rp 890,- each hoe. Process of heat treatment is done when the finishing work will end.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pemanfaatan panas yang tidak terpakai adalah salah satu bentuk efisiensi energi. Panas yang tidak terpakai dari industri dan transportasi dapat dikonversikan menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan material termoelektrik. Keramik Ca3Co2O6 dan CaMnO3 adalah salah satu contoh material. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah percobaan sintesis keramik Ca3Co2O6 dan CaMnO3 menggunakan metode proses reaksi padatan. Sintesis material menggunakan bahan baku berbasis karbonat, yaitu CaCO3, CoCO3 dan MnCO3. Sintesis dilakukan dengan mengacu pada diagram fasa sistem Ca-Co-O dan Ca-Mn-O. Berdasarkan analisis termal, untuk mendapatkan fasa CaO, Co3O4 dan Mn2O3 maka bahan baku yang berbasis karbonat harus dikalsinasi pada suhu ≥ 800°C. Suhu pembentukan Ca3Co2O6 berdasarkan diagram fasa sistem Ca-Co-O dan Ca-Mn-O adalah pada rentang suhu 824- 1027°C dan CaMnO3 pada rentang suhu 1100-1600°C dengan lingkungan atmosfir udara bebas. Hasil sintesis diperoleh fasa Ca3Co2O6 terbentuk paling baik pada suhu 1000°C, tetapi masih terdapat fasa lain yaitu CoO dan Co3O4. Fraksi berat masing-masing fasa adalah Ca3Co2O6 : CoO : Co3O4 = 71,1 : 21,6 : 7,3. Sedangkan pada sintesis CaMnO3, fasa CaMnO3 sudah terbentuk satu fasa pada suhu 1100°C.

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ABSTRACT
Heat is one kind of energy source that can increases energy efficiency. Heat from industrial and transportation can be converted into electrical energy through a thermoelectric material. Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics are thermoelectric materials. The main idea of this research is synthesis of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics using solid state reaction method. Synthesis of thermoelectric materials using carbonate-based raw materials. The raw materials are CaCO3, CoCO3 and MnCO3. Synthesis of material is done with reference to the phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O. Based on thermal analysis, the carbonate-based raw materials must be calcined at temperature ≥ 800°C to get CaO, Co3O4 and Mn2O3 phases. The temperature formation of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 are about 824-1027°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and 1100-1600°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Mn-O in air. Ca3Co2O6 phase is formed at temperatures of 1000°C, but there were some other phase, i.e,. CoO and Co3O4. Weight fraction of each phase is Ca3Co2O6 : CoO : Co3O4 = 71,1 : 21,6 : 7,3. While CaMnO3 one phase is already formed at 1100°C.;Heat is one kind of energy source that can increases energy efficiency. Heat from industrial and transportation can be converted into electrical energy through a thermoelectric material. Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics are thermoelectric materials. The main idea of this research is synthesis of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics using solid state reaction method. Synthesis of thermoelectric materials using carbonate-based raw materials. The raw materials are CaCO3, CoCO3 and MnCO3. Synthesis of material is done with reference to the phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O. Based on thermal analysis, the carbonate-based raw materials must be calcined at temperature ≥ 800°C to get CaO, Co3O4 and Mn2O3 phases. The temperature formation of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 are about 824-1027°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and 1100-1600°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Mn-O in air. Ca3Co2O6 phase is formed at temperatures of 1000°C, but there were some other phase, i.e,. CoO and Co3O4. Weight fraction of each phase is Ca3Co2O6 : CoO : Co3O4 = 71,1 : 21,6 : 7,3. While CaMnO3 one phase is already formed at 1100°C., Heat is one kind of energy source that can increases energy efficiency. Heat from industrial and transportation can be converted into electrical energy through a thermoelectric material. Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics are thermoelectric materials. The main idea of this research is synthesis of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 ceramics using solid state reaction method. Synthesis of thermoelectric materials using carbonate-based raw materials. The raw materials are CaCO3, CoCO3 and MnCO3. Synthesis of material is done with reference to the phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O. Based on thermal analysis, the carbonate-based raw materials must be calcined at temperature ≥ 800°C to get CaO, Co3O4 and Mn2O3 phases. The temperature formation of Ca3Co2O6 and CaMnO3 are about 824-1027°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Co-O and 1100-1600°C based on phase diagram system of Ca-Mn-O in air. Ca3Co2O6 phase is formed at temperatures of 1000°C, but there were some other phase, i.e,. CoO and Co3O4. Weight fraction of each phase is Ca3Co2O6 : CoO : Co3O4 = 71,1 : 21,6 : 7,3. While CaMnO3 one phase is already formed at 1100°C.]