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"A pioneering new approach to a long-debated topic at the heart of syntax: what are the primitive concepts and operations of syntax? This book argues, appealing in part to the logic of Chomsky's Minimalist Program, that the primitive operations of syntax form relations between words rather than combining words to form constituents. Just three basic relations, definable in terms of inherent selection properties of words, are required in natural language syntax: projection, argument selection, and modification. In the radically simplified account of generative grammar Bowers proposes there are just two interface levels, which interact with our conceptual and sensory systems, and a lexicon from which an infinite number of sentences can be constructed. The theory also provides a natural interpretation of phase theory, enabling a better formulation of many island constraints, as well as providing the basis for a unified approach to ellipsis phenomena"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian-penelitian bidang bahasa jumlahnya terus meningkat. Saat ini, bahasa Jerman menjadi salah satu bahasa asing yang diminati, sehingga menarik untuk diteliti. Dikaji secara morfologi, bahasa Jerman memiliki berbagai jenis pembentukan kata, salah satu di antaranya adalah pembentukan kata dengan menggunakan afiks. Jurnal ini memfokuskan mengenai penggunaan prefiks ver- Muster modal dan Muster intensiv dalam bahasa Jerman. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deksriptif-analitis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan penggunaan prefiks ver- Muster modal dan Muster intensiv dalam bahasa Jerman serta mengetahui perubahan makna kata dari pembentukan kata tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kata yang mengalami derivasi prefiks ver- Muster modal dan Muster intensiv menghasilkan perubahan makna kata dari basis kata sebelumnya.

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ABSTRACTThe number of linguistic research continues to rise rapidly over the last few years. Nowadays german becomes one of the favourite languages in the world therefore it is interesting to research about it. In morphology, german has various kinds of the word formation, one of them is the form of affix. The methodology in this research is descriptive analytical method by using qualitative approach. The purpose of this journal is to describe the use of prefix ver in modal pattern and intensive pattern in german and to know the changes of the meanings of the words from the word formation processes. Based on the result, the words which are derived with prefix ver in modal pattern and intensive pattern they are producing the changes of the meanings of the words from the previously basic. "

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kesinoniman verba indera penglihat dalam Al-Quran. Data penelitian ini adalah bahasa Arab fusha yang dipakai dalam Al-quran Al-karim. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif yang menggunakan metode pustaka untuk menganalisis data baik dari bidang -semantik Arab maupun Non-Arab. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan dan menjelaskan perbedaan makna semantis di antara pasangan sinonim verba indera penglihat dan turunannya dalam Al-Quran. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelusuran setiap verba indera penglihat dalam Al-Quran. Teknik pemerolehan data dijelaskan pada 1.5.2. Penelitian ini, berdasarkan tinjauan atau referensi dari beberapa buku yang berasal dari ahli bahasa tentang penelitian kesinoniman verba atau nomina, seperti Anis (1965), Umar (1986), JD Parera (1991), Dad Muniah et. all. (2000), Ririen et. all. (2005), I Dewa (2005), Hidayatullah (2008), dll. Berdasarkan analisis, penulis terhadap 34 verba indera penglihat yang ditemukan dalam Al-Qur?an. Disimpulkan bahwa verba indera penglihat dalam Al-Quran terbagi menjadi tiga aspek yaitu aspek intensitas (66,4%), aspek kondisi mata (1,7%), dan aktivitas lainnya (31,9%). Komponen makna pembeda pada setiap pasangan sinonim dipengaruhi faktor subjek selain mata, preposisi, jenis objek, motif, agama dan cara.

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This study aims at describing synonym of sense of sight verbs in Koran. We use the fusha Arabic language used in the Holy Koran as resources of data. This research is qualitative descriptive interpretive which method of the books used to analyze resources of data is by either Arabic or non-Arabic experts in semantics. The aim of this study is to reveal and explain the differentiator meaning of each Synonym couple in Holy Koran. The collecting resources of data by explore every sense of sight verb and it derivations in Koran. Technique obtain resources of data is explained in 1.5.2 . This study based on theories and views presented by the Arabic experts in synonym who have already studied about synonym verb and noun namely Anis (1965),JD Parera(1991), Dad Muniah et all (2000), Ririen et.all.(2005), Wijana (2005), Hidayatullah (2008) etc. Based on analyze of resources data towards 34 sense of sight verbs wich be found in holy Koran. This study concludes that, three are aspect of sense of sight verb in Koran intensity aspect (66,4%), eye condition (1,7%), and other activities (31,9%). Diagnostic component influenced by subject more than eyes, the preposition, the objects, the motif, the religion and the manners."

"Hasil penelitian terbentuk enam kelompok nomina deverbal- ing dengan rumusan masing-masing. Makna sufiks - ing yang diperoleh adalah bahwa sufiks- ing dapat menghasilkan nomina konkretdab abstrak, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan makna nomina het + infinitif. Makna nomina konkret dengan sufiks- ing yakni' nama benda' dan makna nomina abstrak dengan sufiks -ing yakni' aksi' dan' hasil aksi'.

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The result is that there are six group ofdeverbal noun -ing, each with its own formula. Suffix -ing noun's meaning obtained that the suffix can create both concrete and abstrac noun of -ing suffixes concrete noun is ''name of an item and the abstract noun is action and result of an action."

"This paper deals with the phonology and the lexicology of the Indonesian Bajo language and more specifically with the dialect or variant that can be heard all around the Flores Sea in Kangean, South-East Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Flores. The phonological survey focuses on vowel lengthening, gemination, pre-nasalized phonemes, and sandhi. The second part of this paper proposes an insight into Bajo lexicology, restricted to nominal and verbal derivation."