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"ABSTRACTThe competence of dentist among other is to predict the dental and occlusion development in the period of growth and development and to identify dentofacial disorders in the purpose of early detection, diagnose, treatment planning, and management of malocclusion and dentofacial anomaly. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the concept of growth and development, the study involved in the dentocraniofacial growth and development, the growth pattern, the anomaly and growth development disorders, and the relevance of study dentokraniofacial growth and development in dentistry."

"Pendahuluan: Interpretasi asimetri dentokraniofasial sangat penting dalam penegakkan diagnosis dan pembuatan rencana perawatan ortodonti. Walaupun sefalometri PA merupakan standar prosedur asimetri dentokraniofasial, namun memberi tambahan paparan radiasi bagi pasien, serta memerlukan biaya tambahan. Apabila OPG dapat digunakan sebagai interpretasi dentokraniofasial, maka akan lebih efektif dan efisien. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Menganalisis perbedaan interpretasi asimetri dentokraniofasial antara OPG dan sefalogram PA dengan analisis linear vertikal dan angular. Metode: Interpretasi asimetri dentokraniofasial analisis linear vertikal dan angular menggunakan Winceph 11 dari 30 subjek penelitian didapatkan sesuai kriteria inklusi. Terdapat 5 parameter yang dianalisis, yaitu Orbitale, Condyle, Sigmoid Notch Point, Gonion, Menton. Uji McNemar digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan kedua metode. Bland-Altman plot dan Kappa digunakan untuk menguji reliabilitas antara kedua metode. Hasil: Interpretasi asimetri dentokraniofasial dengan parameter orbitale, condyle, dan sigmoid notch point tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada pengukuran linear vertikal dan angular, namun pada parameter gonion dan menton didapatkan berbeda bermakna (p<0.05) antara gambaran OPG dan Sefalometri PA pada analisis angular. Seluruh parameter menunjukkan kesepakatan hampir sempurna antara kedua metode (Kappa>0.81). Kesimpulan: OPG dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu interpretasi awal asimetri dentokraniofasial, namun untuk penegakan interpretasi asimetri dentokraniofasial utamanya menggunakan sefalogram PA.

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Introduction: Interpretation of dentocraniofacial asymmetry is crucial in establishing the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plans. Although PA cephalometry is the standard procedure for dentocraniofacial asymmetry, it provides additional radiation exposure for patients and requires additional costs. If OPG can be used as a dentocraniofacial interpretation, it will be more effective and efficient. Objective: This study aims to analyze the differences in dentocraniofacial asymmetry interpretation between OPG and PA cephalogram with vertical and angular linear analysis. Methods: Interpretation of dentocraniofacial asymmetry vertical and angular linear analysis using Winceph 11 of 30 subjects were obtained according to the inclusion criteria. The parameters are Orbitale, Condyle, Sigmoid Notch Point, Gonion, and Menton. McNemar test was used to evaluate the differences between the two methods. Bland-Altman plot and Kappa were used to evaluate the reliability between the two methods. Results: Interpretation of dentocraniofacial asymmetry with orbitale, condyle, and sigmoid notch point parameters presented no significant differences in vertical linear and angular measurements, but in gonion and menton parameters, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between OPG and PA cephalometry in angular analysis. All parameters showed almost perfect agreement between the two methods (Kappa> 0.81). Conclusion: OPG can be used as an aid in the initial interpretation of dentocraniofacial asymmetry, but PA cephalogram is mainly used to enforce the interpretation of dentocraniofacial asymmetry."

"The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern, mean and differences of measurements between men and women on vertical dentocraniofacial cephalometric values of open bite subjects with anterior tongue thrust. There were 27 subjects between ages of 12-28 years, 6 men and 21 women of which thirteen vertical dentocraniofacial variables were obtained from measurements taken from lateral cephalometrics; ANS-Me, N-Me, S-Go, CC-Go, SN-MP, N-ANS, PP-MP, Y-axis, UPDH, LPDH, ANS-UI, LI-MP and overbite. The means of values of ANS-Me, N-Me, S-Go and CC-Go were compared with the norms based on Deouteromalay population and SN-MP, PP-MP, Y-axis, UPDH, LPDH, ANS-UI, LI-MP with the norms based on Caucasian population. The obstacle of this study was the unavailable norms of vertical dentocraniofacial cephalometric for Deuteromalay population. Generally the pattern of vertical dentocraniofacial of open bite subjects with anterior tongue thrust shows the long face syndrome."

"ABSTRAKFrequent upper respiratory tract infections and allergic reactions may cause upper respiratory tract obstruction (OURT). Mouth breathing (MB) occurs in individuals with nasal breathing problems. A person with MB will raise his head higher; thus, MB is a risk factor for head posture (HP) deviation. Children with MB during growth and development may exhibit dentocraniofacial (DCF) deviation. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of MB, HP, and DCF deviation in OURT patients to know risk factors of HP deviation, morphological aberrations of DCF and DCF deviation growth and development. Methods: This cross sectional study included 285 OURT subjects aged 9 until 15 years. Data obtained from cephalometric analysis, physical examination, and questionnaires were analyzed. Results: Of 285 OURT subjects, 80.4% showed MB, 44.2% HP deviation, and 66.7% DCF deviation. As risk factors for DCF deviation, MB and HP showed odds ratios of 20.45 and 8.11 and population attributable risks of 87.5% and 59.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of MB and DCF deviation in OURT patients is high, but that of HP deviation is generally comparable. MB and deviated HP are risk factors for DCF deviation growth and development. "

"Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan tumbuh kembang dentokraniofasial anak umur 9–12 tahun pada kelompok OSA dan normal menggunakan pengukuran sefalometri lateral, serta mengetahui peranan faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya OSA. Metode penelitian: Analisis sefalometri dentokraniofasial dan parameter klinis dari faktor risiko dibandingkan antara 17 subjek OSA (14 laki-laki, 3 perempuan, median 11,92 tahun) dengan 17 subjek kontrol (8 laki-laki, 9 perempuan, median 10,42 tahun). Diagnosis OSA ditegakkan dengan kuesioner Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), pemeriksaan fisik, dan hasil polisomnografi (PSG). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok OSA dan normal pada hasil kuesioner PSQ dan PSG, pada faktor risiko yang diperiksa melalui pemeriksaan fisik (postur lidah, ukuran tonsil, posisi hioid, lebar faring atas, dan ukuran adenoid) dan parameter skeletal horizontal dalam sefalometri (. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara umur, jenis kelamin, postur kepala, dan parameter vertikal sefalometri antara kelompok OSA dan normal, namun sudut postur kepala dan parameter vertikal pada kelompok OSA lebih besar dari normal secara klinis. Letak tulang hioid, lebar faring atas, posisi lidah, ukuran adenoid, dan ukuran tonsil klinis berperan terhadap terjadinya OSA. Kesimpulan: Parameter skeletal horizontal dan parameter dental yang berbeda signifikan pada penelitian ini dapat menjelaskan efek OSA terhadap pertumbuhan dentrokraniofasial pada usia 9–12 tahun lebih dominan pada arah horizontal dan belum pada arah vertikal. Adenoid berperan sebagai faktor risiko utama dalam terjadinya OSA.

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Objectives: This study aimed to compare various cephalometric and risk factors of children with OSA and control. Methods: Dentocraniofacial cephalometric measurements and risk factor clinical parameter were compared between 17 OSA subjects (14 boys, 3 girls, mean age 11,92 years) and 17 control subjects (8 boys, 9 girls, mean age 10,42 years) based on Polysomnography results. Results: The results showed significant differences between the OSA group and the control group on PSQ and PSG result, several risk factors (Friedman Tongue Position, tonsil, hyoid position, upper pharyngeal diameter, adenoid), and cephalometric on horizontal parameters (NAPg, SNB, ANB, and UI-MxP). No significant differences were identified in age, sex, head posture, and cephalometric vertical parameter between OSA group and control. However, head posture angle and all cephalometric vertical parameters in OSA group was higher than control clinically. The location of the hyoid bone, the width of the upper pharynx, the position of the tongue, the size of the adenoids, and the size of the clinical tonsils contribute to the occurrence of OSA. Conclusions: The horizontal skeletal and dental parameter on cephalometric that were significantly different between the OSA and normal groups in this study indicated that the effect of OSA on dentocraniofacial growth and development at the age of 9–12 years was more likely to be dominant in the horizontal direction and not yet in the vertical direction. Adenoids play a role as a major risk factor for OSA on children."

"Pendahuluan: mengetahui perbedaan ukuran angular dentokraniofasial antara anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral dan bilateral komplit pasca labiopalatoplasti dibandingkan dengan anak tanpa celah bibir dan langit-langit. Material dan metode: Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 16 anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral komplit pasca labiopalatoplasti, 16 anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit bilateral komplit pasca labiopalatoplasti, 16 anak tanpa celah bibir dan langit-langit yang berada pada status maturasi vertebra servikalis I dan II. Tahap maturasi vertebra servikalis ditentukan dengan metode oleh Baccetti dkk (2002). Uji statistik yang dilakukan meliputi uji untuk distribusi data yang normal, uji t berpasangan, dan anova dengan tingkat signifikansi p < 0,5. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada sudut insisif atas – bidang maksila antara kelompok unilateral dan normal; terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada sudut ANB, sudut SN/MP, dan sudut insisif atas – bidang maksila antara kelompok bilateral dan normal; terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada sudut SNA, sudut insisif atas – bidang maksila antara kelompok unilateral dan bilateral. Kesimpulan: Inklinasi insisif atas paling terpengaruh oleh celah bibir dan langit-langit. Inklinasi maksila ditemukan sedikit retrusif untuk kelompok celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral komplit, sedangkat sedikit protrusif untuk kelompok celah bibir dan langit-langit bilateral komplit. Hubungan sagital kelompok bilateral ditemukan paling protrusif, diikuti kelompok normal, dan selanjutnya kelompok unilateral. Kecuraman bidang mandibula ditemukan pada kelompok bilateral

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Introduction: To evaluate dentocraniofacial morphology of children with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate following labioplasty and palatoplasty. Analysis was made when the children were at first and second stages of cervical vertebral maturation stage, before the peak of maxillary growth. Materials and methods: Sixteen digital cephalometric images of subjects with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate following labioplasty and palatoplasty were compared with 16 normal stage-matched controls. Cervical vertebral maturation stage was determined by Method of Baccetti et al (2002). Statistics included tests for normal distribution, paired t test, and anova with the significance level p < .05. Results: There were significant cephalometric differences in UI/MxPl angle between unilateral and normal group; ANB angle, SN/MP angle, UI/MxPl angle between bilateral and normal group; SNA angle, UI/MxPl angle between unilateral and bilateral group. Conclusion: The inclination of upper incisor was most affected by cleft lip and palate. The maxilla inclination was found a little retrusive for unilateral cleft lip and palate, while a little protrusive for bilateral. Sagittal relationship of bilateral was found the most protrusive followed by normal and unilateral group. Mandibular steepness was found for bilateral cleft lip and palate."