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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Untuk menutup risiko kurs atas kewajiban dalam valas, pengusaha dapat melakukan lindung nilai (hedging) dengan menggunakan instrument-instrumen lindung nilai. Namun instrumen lindung nilai yang ada sekarang tidak dapat digunakan oleh pengusaha muslim dikarenakan mengandung unsur bunga, oleh karena itu diperlukan instrumen lindung nilai yang tidak menggunakan unsur bunga. Menurut fatwa DSN-MUI jenis transaksi valas yang sesuai syariah adalah transaksi spot dan forward agreement. Transaksi valas dengan skim forward agreement adalah sarah satu skim transaksi yang juga digunakan sebagai instrumen lindung nilai, yaitu forward exchange contract (FEC). Selisih antara delivery rate dengan spot rate pada FEC merupakan representasi dari kenaikan kurs maksimum yang dapat terjadi selama jangka waktu perjanjian. Oleh karena itu, perhitungan delivery rate dapat pula dilakukan dengan menggunakan nilai dari risiko kurs itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan nilai risiko yang dihitung dengan pendekatan Extreme Value Theory (EVT), selanjutnya dilakukan perhitungan delivery rate dan hasilnya dibandingkan dengan perhitungan pada instrumen lindung nilai yang ada sekarang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perhitungan delivery rate dengan menggunakan nilai risiko valas, dapat memberikan manfaat yang setara dengan yang menggunakan unsur bunga. Oleh karena itu, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengusaha muslim dalam menutup risiko kurs, dapat menggunakan instrumen FEC yang ada sekarang dengan mengganti unsur bunga dalam perhitungan delivery rate dengan nilai risiko kurs.

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ABSTRACT
The problem of foreign exchange's (forex) risk is the problem of all companies having debt in foreign currency. Most companies use hedging instruments to manage the risk on forex, except for the sharia company since the available instruments are not free from interest. Therefore, the sharia company shall look for an alternative hedging instrument which in the light of Islamic norms of financial ethics. According to the fatwa issued by the National Sharia Board (DSN-MUI), transactions on forex should be carried out in the form of spot or forward agreement type of transactions. Transactions under the forward agreement scheme, is commonly used for hedging purposes i.e. forward exchange contract (FEC). In the FEC two parties undertake a complete transaction at a future date but at a price/rate determined today. The determined price/rate or delivery rate can be interpreted as the highest increment of the foreign exchange rate within a specific time period or risk on forex rate. Furthermore, the delivery rate can be calculated using the value of the risk itself. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is a calculation approach that can be used to estimate the risk solely based on the increments of the forex rate. The delivery rate calculated using the risk's figure is compared to the rate under the available hedging instruments. Our empirical result showed that the use of interest in the available hedging instruments can be replaced by the risk's figure and gained an equal financial benefit. Therefore, the sharia company can use the current FEC as a hedging instrument by replacing the interest with risk's figure in the calculation of delivery rate.

Abstrak :
This book discusses the development, types and application principles of portable air purifiers in China. It analyzes the theoretical characteristics of air purifiers under various operational conditions, and points out that the term “Clean Air Delivery Rate” cannot be used to precisely reflect the problems that occur under various operational conditions. By comparing theoretical and measured data, it highlights the mainfeatures of air purifiers and key points in the design process for different applications. Calculation methods for the indoor particle concentration and the self-purification time are also provided. The book describes the conditions for window opening in smog and for selecting air purifiers, and proposes a newmethod for improvingtheir measurement. In closing, it includes a new assessment index.