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"This correlational study is to show the role of deductive and inductive reasoningabilities as aspects of cognitive development on expository text comprehensionamong high school students who already have a capacity to think in conceptualand hyphotetical ways and to examine how they correlate and influence the textcomprehension process. This study has broaden our knowledge of languageand thinking, as it is different from other previous studies that focused oncomprehension process among elementary students, narrative, readingstrategies, and comprehension difficulties. It is found that deductive reasoningis more significantly correlated to expository text comprehension than inductivereasoning. There is other significant differences between natural sciences and socialsciences students in expository text comprehension and deductive reasoning,where the average scores of the natural sciences students on both variables arehigher than those of social sciences students. It shows that the ability to analisesyntesise,to relate some basic elements of a text, and to draw a conclusion ormain idea of the text support the process of expository text comprehension,and can be taught and developed by learning process. Meanwhile, inductivereasoning ability is significantly different between male and female students,and it does not correlate to expository text comprehension."

"Penalaran deduktif adalah suatu metode berpikir logis di mana seseorang menarik kesimpulan spesifik (hipotesis) berdasarkan premis atau pernyataan umum yang dianggap benar dengan menerapkan aturan inferensi logika. Aturan inferensi logika adalah prinsip-prinsip logika yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk mengambil hipotesis yang absah dari premis yang diberikan. Meskipun penalaran deduktif memiliki keunggulan pada penalaran yang absah, manusia cenderung membuat kesalahan dalam bernalar deduktif. Salah satu model bahasa untuk penalaran deduktif adalah Natural Logic (NatLog), yaitu model berbasis machine learning yang dilatih untuk melakukan klasifikasi kelas dari hubungan persyaratan antar kalimat. Namun, model memiliki keterbatasan pada rentang kalimat yang panjang. Di sisi lain, Large Language Model (LLM) seperti Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) telah menunjukkan performa yang baik dalam tugas penalaran deduktif, terutama dengan menggunakan metode Chain of Thought (CoT). Namun, metode CoT masih menimbulkan masalah halusinasi dan inkonsistensi dari langkah perantaranya, yang berujung pada konklusi akhir yang tidak absah. Metode Chain of Thought - Self-Consistency (CoT-SC) merupakan pengembangan dari metode CoT yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran pada LLM. Dalam metode CoT-SC, CoT dijalankan beberapa kali untuk menghasilkan beberapa sampel jawaban. Setelah itu, dilakukan operasi modus, yaitu pemilihan jawaban yang paling sering muncul di antara sampel-sampel yang dihasilkan, untuk menentukan jawaban akhir. Jawaban dengan frekuensi kemunculan terbanyak dianggap sebagai jawaban yang paling konsisten dan akurat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengimplementasikan dan menganalisis kemampuan metode CoT-SC pada model GPT dalam menyelesaikan tugas penalaran deduktif. Penelitian ini akan mengevaluasi kemampuan penalaran deduktif pada model GPT menggunakan tiga sumber data yang merepresentasikan tiga domain tugas penalaran deduktif yang berbeda, yaitu ProntoQA, ProofWriter, dan FOLIO. Setelah itu, akan dilakukan analisis perbandingan performa LLM berbasis metode CoT-SC dengan manusia dalam menyelesaikan tugas penalaran deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode CoT-SC menunjukkan performa akurasi yang baik dalam mayoritas tugas penalaran deduktif serta LLM GPT dengan metode CoT-SC mengungguli 1 dari 3 domain tugas penalaran deduktif. Hasil ini menunjukkan model GPT berbasis metode CoT-SC memiliki potensi dalam tugas penalaran deduktif.

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Deductive reasoning is a method of logical thinking in which one draws specific conclusions (hypotheses) based on general premises or statements that are considered true by applying the rules of logical inference. Rules of logical inference are principles of logic that allow one to derive valid hypotheses from given premises. Although deductive reasoning has the advantage of valid reasoning, humans tend to make mistakes in deductive reasoning. One of the language models for deductive reasoning is Natural Logic (NatLog), which is a machine learning-based model trained to perform class classification of conditional relations between sentences. However, the model has limitations on long sentence ranges. On the other hand, Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) have shown good performance in deductive reasoning tasks, especially by using the Chain of Thought (CoT) method. However, the CoT method still raises the problem of hallucinations and inconsistencies of the intermediate steps, leading to invalid final conclusions. The Chain of Thought - Self-Consistency (CoT-SC) method is a development of the CoT method that aims to improve reasoning ability in LLM. In the CoT-SC method, CoT is run several times to produce several sample answers. After that, a mode operation is performed, which is the selection of the most frequently occurring answer among the generated samples, to determine the final answer. The answer with the highest frequency of occurrence is considered the most consistent and accurate answer. The purpose of this study is to implement and analyze the ability of the CoT-SC method on the GPT model in solving deductive reasoning tasks. This study will evaluate the deductive reasoning ability of the GPT model using three data sources representing three different deductive reasoning task domains, namely ProntoQA, ProofWriter, and FOLIO. After that, a comparative analysis of the performance of LLM based on the CoT-SC method with humans in solving deductive reasoning tasks. These results indicate the GPT model based on the CoT-SC method has a potential in deductive reasoning tasks."