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Abstrak :
Pajanan timbal lingkungan masih mengintai masyarakat dari kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas informal. Saat ini, kegiatan tersebut menjadi industri pencemar yang paling buruk dan menyebabkan DALYs sebesar 2.000.000-4.800.000 di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah. Mengingat daur ulang aki bekas informal masih banyak dilakukan di berbagai negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia, dan anak-anak adalah kelompok paling rentan, maka peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan pajanan timbal lingkungan pada anak di sekitar lokasi tersebut. Menggunakan desain systematic review dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan berpedoman pada PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyse Protocols), sebanyak 10 artikel jurnal dan penelitian akademis ditinjau. Sampel diperoleh dari pangkalan data Google Scholar dan Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia (UI) yang dipublikasikan dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2011-2021). Pada kelompok usia 1-5 tahun, 47% anak memiliki kadar timbal darah sebesar ≥5 μg/dL dan 9% sebesar ≥10 μg/dL dan anak usia sekolah sebesar 16,65±13,18 μg/dL. Kadar tersebut telah melebihi rekomendasi (<5 μg/dL). Rata-rata konsentrasi timbal lingkungan di udara dan tanah masing-masing sebesar 2,94±10,7 μg/mᶾ dan 2254,5±1925,25 mg/kg. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan diantaranya usia, status ekonomi, pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan orang tua, sumber dan pola asupan nutrisi, kebiasaan dan perilaku anak, lokasi rumah, dan konsentrasi timbal di lingkungan. ......Environmental lead exposure still lurking from the informal recycling of used lead-acid batteries (ULAB). Currently, it is the industry's worst polluter and causes DALYs of 2,000,000-4,800,000 in LMIC. Considering that informal ULAB recycling is still widely practiced in the world, including Indonesia, and children are the most vulnerable group, research is needed on risk factors associated with environmental lead exposure in children around these locations. Using a systematic review design with a qualitative approach and guided by PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyse Protocols), 10 journal articles and academic research were reviewed. The sample was obtained from the Google Scholar and the University of Indonesia (UI) Library published in the last 10 years (2011-2021). In the age group 1-5 years, 47% of children had blood lead levels of ≥5 μg/dL and 9% of ≥10 μg/dL and school-age children have an average of 16.65±13.18 μg/dL. These levels have exceeded the recommendation (<5 g/dL). The average concentrations of environmental lead in the air and soil were 2.94±10.7 g/mᶾ and 2254.5±1925.25 mg/kg. The associated risk factors are age, economic status, parental education and occupation, sources and patterns of nutritional intake, children's habits and behavior, home location, and environmental lead concentrations.

Abstrak :
Timbal yang bersifat neurotoksik dapat dikeluarkan dari daur ulang baterai bekas. Ada kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas di Desa Cinangka yang sudah beroperasi sejak 1978. Studi ini menyangkut faktor risiko untuk eksposur terkait timbal dan mempengaruhi kejadian gangguan perkembangan mental di area daur ulang aki bekas, Desa Cinangka. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol dengan analisis bivariat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar timbal dalam tanah dan air, kuesioner, dan observasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan tingkat rata-rata timbal dalam tanah adalah 4.448,21 ppm dan rata-rata kadar timbal dalam air adalah 0,02 ppm. Variabel yang berhubungan dan mempengaruhi gangguan perkembangan mentalitas di area daur ulang aki bekas adalah riwayat aktivitas daur ulang aki bekas di rumah (p = 0,036; OR = 7.000). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah di Desa Cinangka, Area daur ulang aki bekas, ada area yang memiliki kadar timbal dalam tanah melebihi standar kualitas 400 ppm dari US EPA dan variabel pengaruh yang signifikan gangguan perkembangan mental di bidang daur ulang baterai bekas adalah sejarah kegiatan mendaur ulang baterai bekas di rumah. ......Lead which is neurotoxic can be removed from recycling used batteries. There is a used battery recycling activity in Cinangka Village that has been operating since 1978. This study concerns the risk factors for lead-related exposure and affects the incidence of mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area, Cinangka Village. This study used a case control study design with bivariate analysis. Data collection was carried out by measuring lead levels in soil and water, questionnaires, and observations. The results showed that the average level of lead in the soil was 4,448.21 ppm and the average level of lead in water was 0.02 ppm. The variable related to and affecting mental development disorders in the used battery recycling area was the history of recycling used batteries at home (p = 0.036; OR = 7,000). The conclusion of this study is that in Cinangka Village, a used battery recycling area, there are areas that have lead levels in the soil exceeding the 400 ppm quality standard of the US EPA and the significant influence variable mental development disorders in the field of used battery recycling is the history of recycling activities. used batteries at home.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi pajanan timbal di udara terhadap kejadian anemia diantara anak-anak berusia 7 hingga 13 tahun yang tinggal di sekitar lokasi daur ulang aki bekas informal di wilayah Jabotabek. Sebuah studi Cross-sectional dilakukan di tiga lokasi (Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi dan Depok) yang terdapat kegiatan daur ulang aki bekas informal. Populasi penelitian adalah anak usia 7 hingga 13 tahun di wilayah daur ulang aki bekas informal, dengan total sampel 418 orang. Sampel lingkungan adalah mengukur kosentrasi timbal di udara mengunakan High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) dan dianalisis dengan spektrometri serapan atom (AAS). Untuk mengatahui kejadian anemia dilakukan pengukuran Hb darah dengan HemoCue® Hb 201+ System. Analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi faktor yang terkait dengan kejadian anemia pada anak. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata konsentrasi timbal di udara (n=52) adalah 2,96 μg/m3 dengan kisaran 0,01 hingga 78,05 μg/m3 dan standar deviasi 13,23. Rata-rata kadar Hb darah anak-anak adalah 11,89 g/dL kisaran 7,7 hingga 16,10 g/dL, dengan prevalensi anemia 51,2%. Konsentrasi timbal tinggi di udara sangat terkait dengan peningkatan kejadian anemia pada anak (OR: 3,96; 95% CI: 1,83-8,56) setelah di kontrol faktor prilaku konsumsi kalsium (OR: 0,68; 95% CI: 0,46-1,01). Studi ini menunjukan hubunan antara paparan timbal di udara dengan kejadian anemia dan menyoroti perlunya memperkuat kebijakan, pengawasan dan pengembangan strategi untuk mengurangi paparan timbal. ......This research aims to determine the relationship between the concentration of lead's exposure in the air to the incidence of anemia among children between 7 and 13 years, living around an informal recycling site of the used battery in the Jabotabek region. A Cross-sectional study was conducted at three locations (Tangerang, Bogor, Bekasi, and Depok) which have recycling activities of the former informal battery. The research population is a 7-to 13-year-old child in the recycling area of used battery, with a total sample of 418 people. The lead concentration in the air is measured by using the High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). To be in the event of anemia done measurements of Hb blood with HemoCue® Hb 201+System. Multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the factors related to the incidence of anemia in children. The results of the study obtained an average of the lead concentration in the air (n = 52) were 2.96 μg/m3 with a range of 0.01 to 78.05 μg/m3 and a standard deviation of 13.23. The average rate of Hb blood of children is 11.89 G/dL range 7.7 to 16.10 G/dL, with the prevalence of anemia is about 51.2%. The high lead concentration in the air is associated with an increased incidence of anemia in children (OR: 3.96; 95% CI: 1.83-8.56) after control of calcium consumption behavior factor (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.46-1.01). The study showed a relationship between exposure to lead in the air and the incidence of anemia and highlighted the need to strengthen policy, supervision and development strategies to reduce lead exposure.