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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Zoonosis malaria telah menjadi perhatian komunitas kesehatan dunia setelah adanya laporan kasus di Sarawak pada tahun 2004. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh parasit malaria satwa primata Plasmodium knowlesi dengan inang alami Macaca fascicularis dan M. nemestrina. Baku emas diagnosis parasit malaria masih berdasarkan pada identifikasi mikroskopik. Selain membutuhkan keahlian yang tinggi, teknik ini terkadang sulit menentukan spesies parasit bila terjadi infeksi campuran dan parasitemia yang sangat rendah. Belakangan diusulkan DNA barcoding, suatu metode identifikasi menggunakan penanda gen sitokrom c oksidase subunit I COI DNA mitokondria untuk spesiasi. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode identifikasi spesies parasit menggunakan gen COI sebagai penanda molekul dan mengungkap dasar molekul transmisi zoonosis parasit malaria dengan mempelajari peran gen penyandi protein DARC Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines dan DBP Duffy Binding Protein yang berhubungan dengan invasi sel darah merah.Metode: Verifikasi potensi barcode COI sebagai penanda identifikasi spesies parasit malaria dilakukan dengan studi in-silico, sedangkan validasi penggunaan barcode COI dilakukan dengan analisis sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Teknologi molekuler PCR-Sequencing dilakukan untuk mengaplikasikan barcode COI pada penapisan parasit malaria di populasi manusia dan satwa primata, serta identifikasi variasi genetik gen penyandi protein DARC dan DBP terutama pada daerah pengikatan ligan parasit dan reseptor inang.Hasil: Studi in-silico menunjukkan bahwa DNA barcoding berpotensi sebagai penanda identifikasi parasit malaria. Primer yang dirancang mengamplifikasi daerah COI sepanjang 670 pb berhasil mengidentifikasi parasit malaria dengan sensitivitas 1 ndash; 3 parasit/ l. Pada penapisan parasit malaria di populasi manusia di Kalimantan Tengah ditemukan 3,34 78/2309 kasus malaria, di mana dua diantaranya adalah kasus malaria knowlesi, yang secara statistik berbeda bermakna bila dibandingkan dengan mikroskopik 2,82 dan 18S rRNA 1,82 . Pada daerah yang sama, penapisan parasit malaria di populasi satwa primata, ditemukan 52,01 168/323 sampel orangutan dan 23,25 10/43 sampel monyet Macaca positif malaria. Spesies parasit yang ditemukan pada orangutan adalah P. species tipe parasit ovale, P. species tipe vivax-cynomolgi, P. species tipe vivax-hylobati dan P. species tipe malariae-inui, sedangkan pada monyet Macaca meliputi P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. inui, juga P. spesies tipe malariae-inui, spesies parasit yang sama ditemukan di orangutan. Studi ini juga menemukan keanekaragaman genetik pada gen penyandi protein Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines manusia maupun satwa primata dan Duffy Binding Protein parasit malaria yang memainkan peran penting dalam invasi parasit malaria.Kesimpulan: Barcode COI dapat secara spesifik dan sensitif mengidentifikasi spesies parasit malaria dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai alat identifikasi zoonosis malaria. Terdapat variasi genetik gen penyandi protein Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines dan Duffy Binding Protein yang berhubungan dengan invasi sel darah merah.

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ABSTRACTBackground Zoonotic case of malaria had just come to the attention of public health communities after the Sarawak study in 2004. Zoonotic malaria is caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, primarily a simian malaria parasite in wild long tail macaque Macaca fascicularis and pig tail macaque M. nemestrina as the reservoir hosts. The diagnosis of malaria parasites has mainly relied on the microscopic examination. However, this method is labor intensive, requires an experienced microscopist and difficult in identifying mixed infections in very low parasitemia cases. Recently, DNA barcoding system, which is based on the PCR amplification of a short and highly conserved region of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase sub unit I COI has shown to be an invaluable tool for diagnosing and differentiating the species of wide range of organisms. This study was aimed to develop identification tools of malaria parasite by using mtDNA COI gene as a molecular marker and reveal the molecular basis of zoonotic malaria by identifying the genetic variation of protein coding gene of DARC Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and DBP Duffy Binding Protein that are related to receptor ligand interaction in red blood cell invasion.Methods In silico study was carried out for verifying the potential of DNA barcoding based on the mtDNA COI gene sequence as a marker identification. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were carried out to validate the use of DNA barcoding for medical diagnosis of parasitic infection. Molecular technology of PCR Sequencing was carried out for screening malaria parasit in human and non human primate population and identifying the genetic variation within protein coding gene of DARC and DBP. Results We have initiated a study to explore the use of DNA barcoding for malaria parasite diagnosis through in silico study. We have thus designed primers spanning a 670 bp fragment of the 5 rsquo region of COI gene that could detect parasite isolates as low as 1 3 parasite per l. DNA barcode was used to detect malaria parasite in human population in Central Kalimantan. Of the 2309 subjects, 78 3.34 subjects were malaria positive of which two samples were determined as P. knowlesi infection. The detection rate of COI barcode was significantly higher as compared to microscopic 2.82 and 18S rRNA 1.82 analyses. Of the 366 non human primate samples that include 323 orangutan and 43 macaque 168 orangutan were found to be positive for either P. species ovale type, P. species vivax cynomolgi type, P. species vivax hylobati type and P. species malariae inui type. In macaque, 10 samples were positive for P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. inui and P. species malariae inui type similar to that found in orangutan. The study has also found genetic variation in both human and non human primates Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and malaria parasite Duffy Binding Protein.Conclusions The study showed that mtDNA COI can be used to diagnose malaria parasites at very low parasitemia level and applied as a diagnosis tool for identification of zoonotic malaria. There is genetic variation in both human and non human primates Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines and malaria parasite Duffy Binding Protein as major determinants for the invasion of malaria parasite."

"Penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman lobster air tawar di Kabupaten Sorong Selatan, Maybrat, dan Jayawijaya dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2016. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat keanekaragaman lobster air tawar melalui analisis morfometrik dan DNA Barcoding. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik A1-D6 dari ke empat lokasi pengambilan sampel terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan p.

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Research on the Research on the diversity of freshwater crayfish in Sorong Selatan Regency, Maybrat, and Jayawijaya conducted in August 2016. The study aims to see the diversity of freshwater crayfish through morphometric analysis and DNA Barcoding. These results indicate that the A1 D6 characteristics of all four sampling sites there are significant differences p "

"Latar belakang: Filariasis bancrofti merupakan vector-borne disease yang terutama ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Culex quinquefasciatus dan masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Penggunaan insektisida yang sering dan dalam jangka waktu yang lama menyebabkan resistensi pada Cx. quinquefasciatus dan mekanisme resistensi tersebut dapat dievaluasi melalui aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi. Namun, belum ada penelitian tentang aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi pada nyamuk Cx.quinquefasciatus yang dipaparkan oleh λ-sihalotrin di Jakarta. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas larvasida λ-sihalotrin terhadap larva Cx. quinquefasciatus dan mendeskripsikan mekanisme larvasida melalui aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi. Metode: Uji bioassay dilakukan dengan memaparkan larva Cx. quinquefasciatus terhadap lima konsentrasi λ-sihalotrin (0,002; 0,015; 0,05; 0,2; 0,7 ppm). Angka mortalitas diukur setelah paparan selama 24 jam. Aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi meliputi asetilkolinesterase (AChE), glutation s-transferase (GST), dan cytochrome c-oxidase (COX) dianalisis menggunakan metode Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hasil: Setelah paparan λ-sihalotrin selama 24 jam, angka mortalitas larva Cx. quinquefasciatus mulai dari 28,8% - 100%. Angka mortalitas 100% (125/125) ditemukan pada λ-sihalotrin dengan konsentrasi 0,7 ppm. Nilai LC50 sebesar 0,054 ppm (95% CI 0,038 – 0,068) dan LC90 sebesar 0,148 ppm (95% CI 0,117 – 0,208). Λ-sihalotrin menyebabkan peningkatan enzim AChE yang tidak signifikan, peningkatan enzim GST yang signifikan, dan penurunan enzim COX yang tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Λ-sihalotrin dengan konsentrasi 0,7 ppm memiliki aktivitas larvasida yang tinggi dengan mekanisme memengaruhi enzim detoksifikasi.

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Introduction: Bancrofti filariasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito and is still a major health problem in Indonesia. Heavy and long-term use of insecticides causes the development of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus and the resistance mechanisms can be evaluated through detoxification enzymes. However, there has been no research on detoxifying enzymes activity in Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes exposed to λ-cyhalothrin in Jakarta.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of λ-cyhalothrin against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae and describe the larvicidal mechanism through detoxification enzymes activity.

Method: Bioassay tests were performed by exposing Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae to five concentrations of λ-cyhalothrin (0.002; 0.015; 0.05; 0.2; 0.7 ppm). The mortality rate was measured after exposure for 24 hours. The detoxification enzymes activity, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and cytochrome c-oxidase (COX), were analyzed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) method.

Result: After exposure to λ-cyhalothrin for 24 hours, the mortality rate of Cx. quinquefasciatus ranges from 28.8% - 100%. A mortality rate of 100% (125/125) was found in λ-cyhalothrin with 0,7 ppm concentration. The LC50 value was 0.054 ppm (95% CI 0.038 – 0.068) and the LC90 was 0.148 ppm (95% CI 0.117 – 0.208). Λ-cyhalothrin caused a non-significant increase in the AChE enzyme, a significant increase in the GST enzyme, and a non-significant decrease in the COX enzyme.

Conclusion: Λ-cyhalothrin with a concentration of 0.7 ppm has high larvicidal activity by influencing detoxification enzymes."

"Ikan gupi (Poecilia reticulata) merupakan ikan hias air tawar yang telah menjadi komoditas ekspor utama di Indonesia. Persilangan antar strain ikan gupi sudah banyak dilakukan, namun masih sedikit ketersediaan informasi genetik intraspesies ikan gupi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik intraspesies ikan gupi dan hubungan kekerabatan antar populasi di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, dan Bekasi menggunakan marka gen Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1). Amplifikasi PCR dan sekuensing menggunakan marka gen CO1 (F): 5 TCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3 (26 pb) dan CO1 (R): 5 TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA-3 (26 pb). Analisis yang dilakukan terhadap sekuen DNA ikan gupi antara lain; homologi BLAST, jarak genetik, dan analisis filogenetik. Hasil analisis homologi berdasarkan BLAST menunjukkan persentase similaritas 98-99% terhadap mtDNA Poecilia reticulata dan Poecilia wingei. Hasil analisis didapatkan jarak terbesar dan kekerabatan terjauh adalah populasi Bekasi strain Albino Full Red dengan populasi Tangerang strain Cobra. Sekuens tersebut mungkin dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan benih dengan keragaman tinggi.

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Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) is fresh water ornamental fish which have been the top export commodity in Indonesia. A lot of guppy strains had been hybridized, yet there are still few information about intraspecies genetic variation. Research was conducted to study intraspecies genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship among guppy population in region Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi using Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1) as genetic marker. Amplification and sequencing were using CO1 (F): 5 TCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3 (26 pb) and CO1 (R): 5 TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA-3 (26 pb). Some analysis which had been done with guppy DNA were; BLAST homology, genetic distance, and phylogenetic analysis. BLAST homology resulted 98-99% similarity according to mtDNA Poecilia reticulata and Poecilia wingei. The biggest distance and farthest relationship belong to Albino Full Red strain in Bekasi with Cobra strain in Tangerang. Those sequences might be used to produce potential germ with high genetic variation."