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Abstrak :
Cyclodekstrin glucanotranferase (CGTase) merupakan enzim yang mengkatalis produksi cyclodekstrin (CD). Penelitian ini menggunakan satu enzim CGTase komersial (Toruzyme M) yang dihasilkan secara rekayasa genetika menggunakan bakteri Bacillus yang telah disisipkan gen GTase dari bakteri termofilik Thermoanaerobbacter. Walaupun enzim in dapat menghasilkan alpa, beta, dan gamma siklodekstrin (a-CD, 0-CD, ^-CD), namun beta siklodekstrin merupakan produk terbesar. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa reaksin enzim CGTase ini dengan pati sagu mentah sangat berbeda jika menggunakan pati sagu tergelatinkan. Temperatur anneling dan temperatur reaksi enzimatik dhetepkan pada 65°C. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada pH 9 (bufer glisin-NaOH 0.05M), 15% (b/v) pati sagu dan 0.5% konsentrasi enzim. Total siklodekstrin maksimum (13.17 g/L) diperoleh selama 4 jam pada kelajuan agitasi 200 rpm.dengan perbandingan produk adalah 28%: 64%: 8% masing-masing untuk or-CD: /?-CD: y-CD. Adanya CuSO4, FeSO4 and Co(N03)2 didalam substrat mampu menghambat aktivitas enzim secara keseluruhan sedangan pemberian n-pentene dan etanol akan menghasilkan a-CD sebagai produk utama. Nilai Kmax dan Km CGTase Toruzyme?adalah 0.09 s /?-CD/min and 16.695 %(w/v), secara berurutan.

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Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is (he enzyme catalyzing the production of cyclodextrin (CD). This study was conducted using a commercial CGTase enzyme (ToruzymeT ) produced from genetically modified strain of Bacillus carrying the CGTase gene of Thermoanaerobbacter. Although this enzyme catalyses the formation of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin from starch but beta-cyclodextrin is the major product. The result showed that the reaction behavior of the enzyme on ungelatinized sago starch was markedly different when compared with its reaction to gelatinized starch. Ungelatinised sago starch was annealed and reacted at 6S°C. The optimum condition for the reaction occurred at pH 9 (0.05M Glycine-NaOH buffer) with concentration enzyme and sago starch was 0.5%(v/v)and 15 %(w/v), respectively. The highest amount of total cyclodextrin (13.17 g/L) was produced when the reaction mixture was agitated at 200 rpm for 4 hours consisting of a-CD: /J-CD: y-CD at ratios of 28: 64: 8. The CGTase lost almost all its dextrinizing activity in the presence CuSO4, FeSO4 and Co(NO3)2 in substrate. Addition of n-pentane and ethanol to the reaction mixture, shifted the reaction toward an increased of yield of a-cyclodextrin and eventually becoming the main product of the reaction. The Kmax and Km value of CGTase Toruzyme? were 0.09 g /?-CD/min and 16.695 %(w/v), respectively.

Abstrak :
Beberapa cara telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kelarutan obat, salah satunya yaitu melalui pembentukan kompleks inklusi dengan siklodekstrin dan derivatnya. Furosemid merupakan senyawa obat bersifat hidrofobik dan praktis tidak larut dalam air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembentukan kompleks inklusi hidroksipropil-β-siklodekstrin terhadap kelarutan furosemid. Pembentukan kompleks inklusi furosemid dengan hidroksipropil-β-siklodekstrin dilakukan dengan metode pengeringan beku dalam tiga variasi perbandingan dalam mol yaitu 1:1 (formula A), 1:5 (formula B) dan 1:10 (formula C). Kompleks inklusi dianalisis secara spektroskopi inframerah dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Uji kelarutan menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan kompleks inklusi menghasilkan peningkatan kelarutan furosemid dalam air. Kompleks inklusi formula A, B dan C menunjukkan peningkatan kelarutan masing-masing sebesar 4,4; 2 dan 1,6 kali.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes an intermolecular transglycosylation reaction to produce functional oligosaccharides or glycosides, which can be used in several industries. In this study, the p19bBC recombinant cells containing CGTase gene from Bacillus circulans A11 were used for synthesizing CGTase. The maximum expression was obtained when the p19bBC cells were cultured at 37oC for 24 h with 0.2 mM IPTG. The recombinant CGTase was purified up to 6-fold by 5% (w/v) starch adsorption and the specific activity of enzyme was 1.08x104 units/mg with a 71% yield. The 72-kDa relative molecular mass of purified enzyme was determined by 10% SDS-PAGE. In addition, the acceptor specificity of enzyme was investigated from transglycosylation reaction using β-cyclodextrin as glycosyl donor and various saccharides and flavonoids as acceptors. Among the group of saccharide acceptors, glucose gave the highest activity, followed by maltose and mannose. Within the flavonoid group, hesperidin gave the highest activity with 13.5% as compared to glucose. Due to the broad range of bioactivities of hesperidin flavonoid, and also, the possibility of new glycoside products, this study suggested that using hesperidin as an acceptor is far superior to the saccharides in terms of further applications.

Abstrak :
Dalam penelitian ini, nanocarrier Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag telah berhasil disintesis untuk pengobatan kanker. Nanocarrier Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag yang telah dipreparasi memiliki stabilitas dan kristalinitas yang baik. Di sisi lain, fungsionalisasi Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag dengan asam folat dan siklodekstrin juga telah berhasil disintesis. Adanya fungsionalisasi nanopartikel Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag secara umum tidak menyebabkan perubahan yang signifikan pada struktur kristal dan sifat stabilitasnya. Profil pemuatan dan pelepasan obat dari nanocarrier yang telah difungsionalisasi juga telah berhasil dilakukan. Fungsionalisasi dengan asam folat dan siklodekstrin akan menurunkan persentase efisiensi obat karena efek hambatan sterik yang menghambat tempat konjugasi. Selain itu, profil pelepasan obat nanocarrier menunjukkan bahwa obat pelepasan berlangsung lambat dan berkelanjutan serta efek yang signifikan terjadi pada 6 jam pertama. Berdasarkan hasil uji pelepasan obat terhadap waktu, efisiensi pelepasan DOX untuk Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys, Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/FA dan Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/BCD masing-masing adalah 6,68%; 41,83% dan 51,41% sedangkan untuk EPI adalah 24,99%; 26,22% dan 25,45%. Uji viabilitas secara in vitro dilakukan dengan menggunakan MTS assay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi obat murni dan obat terkonjugasi nanocarrier dapat menurunkan jumlah sel HeLa hidup. Dibandingkan dengan DOX/EPI murni, obat terkonjugasi nanocarrier memberikan viabilitas sel yang lebih besar. ......In this work, the Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanocarrier has been successfully synthesized for cancer treatment. The as-prepared Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanocarrier has good stability and crystallinity. On the other hand, the functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag with folic acid and cyclodextrin also has been successfully synthesized. The presence of functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanoparticles, in general, does not cause significant changes to the crystal structure and stability properties. The drug loading and release profiles of the functionalized nanocarriers have also been successfully carried out. Functionalization with folic acid and cyclodextrin will decrease the percentage of drug efficiency because of the steric hindrance effect that inhibits the conjugation site. Besides that, the drug release profile of nanocarrier showed that slow and sustained release drugs occur, and a burst effect occurs in the first 6 hours. Based on the results of time-dependent release behavior, the release efficiency of DOX for Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys, Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/FA and Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/BCD were 6.68%; 41.83% and 51.41% while for EPI is 24.99%; 26.22% and 25.45%, respectively. In vitro viability test was performed using the MTS assay. The result showed that increasing the concentration of pure drug and drug-loaded nanocarrier can reduce the number of HeLa cells. Compared to pure DOX/EPI, drug-loaded nanocarriers provide greater cell viability.

Abstrak :
Remdesivir antivirus berspektrum luas digunakan pada pengobatan covid-19. Struktur hidroksipropil-β-siklodekstrin seperti kerucut yang terpotong dapat meningkatkan kelarutan dan ambilan serapan seluler obat yang sukar larut dalam air. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh kompleks inklusi RDV-HPβCD yang stabil baik secara fisika maupun kimia sehingga dapat meningkatkan pengambilan seluler dan tidak toksik terhadap sel Vero. Kompleks inklusi RDV-HPβCD disintesis dengan metode penguapan pelarut, kompleks yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi dengan serangkaian evaluasi. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi pelepasan obat dan uji stabilitas. Selanjutnya, mikroskop fluoresensi digunakan untuk mengevaluasi serapan seluler dan uji 3-(4,5-dimetitiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromida (MTT) digunakan dalam studi sitotoksisitas. Baik kompleks inklusi maupun remdesivir menunjukkan puncak serapan maksimum pada 246 nm. Kompleks inklusi memiliki ukuran partikel 1609 ± 189,96 nm dengan potensial zeta -20,13 ± 2,08 mV. Spektrum inframerah yang bergeser, puncak XRD yang luas, dan puncak termogram DSC yang luas pada 72,93 °C menunjukkan keberhasilan pembentukan kompleks inklusi RDV-HPβCD. Kompleks inklusi dan remdesivir memperlihatkan nilai %KV yang tidak lebih dari 2% menandakan bahwa sampel tetap stabil selama 24 jam pengamatan. Pengamatan ambilan serapan seluler kompleks inklusi RDV-HPβCD-FITC menunjukkan intensitas yang lebih baik di dalam sel Vero daripada remdesivir-FITC. Lebih lanjut, kompleks Inklusi menunjukkan viabilitas sel yang lebih tinggi daripada remdesivir murni pada konsentrasi tertentu. ......The broad-spectrum antiviral remdesivir is used in the treatment of COVID-19. The truncated cone-like structure of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can increase the solubility and cellular uptake of poorly soluble drugs. This study aimed to obtain the RDV-HPβCD inclusion complex which is physically and chemically stable thus it can increase cellular uptake and not toxic to Vero cells. The RDV-HPβCD inclusion complex was synthesized by solvent evaporation method, the inclusion complex was characterized by some evaluations. The dissolution test and stability test were evaluated, fluorescence microscopy was used to locate cellular uptake and the 3-(4,5-dimetitiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used in the cytotoxicity study. Both the inclusion complex and remdesivir showed a maximum absorption peak at 246 nm. The inclusion complex had a particle size of 1609 ± 189.96 nm with a zeta potential of -20.13 ± 2.08 mV. The shifting spectrum, broad XRD peak, and broad DSC thermogram peak at 72.93 °C indicated the successful formation of the inclusion complex. The inclusion complex and remdesivir %CV values ​​not more than 2% indicated that the sample remained stable for 24 hours of observation. Cellular uptake of the RDV-HPβCD-FITC inclusion complex showed better intensity in Vero cells than pure remdesivir-FITC. Furthermore, the inclusion complex showed higher cell viability than pure remdesivir at certain concentrations.

Abstrak :
Keberadaan mikroorganisme berbahaya penyebab kerusakan memerlukan upaya pengembangan bahan yang dapat mencegah pertumbuhan mikroorganisme seperti material antibakteri. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan material antibakteri yang merupakan sinergi antara minyak sereh dapur (MSD) dengan nano partikel kalsium oksida (NP CaO). MSD terlebih dahulu dienkapsulasi dengan β-siklodekstrin (β-CD) untuk mengurangi volatilitasnya agar pelepasan zat aktif nya terkendali. NP CaO disintesis dengan iradiasi gelombang mikro pada daya iradiasi 600 W, 700 W, 800 W dan 900 W. Kompleks inklusi β-CD−MSD dan NP CaO hasil sintesis kemudian diinkorporasikan pada matriks kitosan membentuk material antibakteri dilakukan karakterisasi. Proses inklusi berlangsung optimal pada rasio mol βCD: MSD 1:1 yang menghasilkan serbuk kompleks inklusi dengan entrapment efficiency sebesar 88,82% dan loading capacity 15,71%. Kompleks inklusi β-CD−MSD memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli pada konsentrasi minimal 10 mg/mL dengan aktivitas antibakteri lebih besar terhadap E. coli. Profil pelepasan senyawa aktif dari kompleks inklusi β-CD−MSD menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan pelepasan dapat diturunkan hingga 80%. NP CaO hasil sintesis pada daya iradiasi 900 W selama 5 menit merupakan kristal berbentuk kubik dengan ukuran partikel 69 nm dan pada konsentrasi mulai 0,1% sudah memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dengan aktivitas lebih besar terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Penggabungan kedua agen antibakteri tersebut pada matriks kitosan menghasilkan material antibakteri dengan daya aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih baik dan dapat memperbaiki sifat mekanik dan barrier dari film material antibakteri. Aplikasi material antibakteri ini sebagai label antibakteri dapat mempertahankan kesegaran udang pada suhu ruang hingga 27 jam. ......The development of antibacterial materials is necessary due to the presence of damaging microorganisms that can prevent the growth of other materials. In this study, the antibacterial materials were made synergy between lemongrass oil (MSD) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles. Lemongrass oil was encapsulated with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) to reduce its volatility therefore the release of the active substance was controlled. CaO NP were synthesized by microwave irradiation at 600 W, 700 W, 800 W and 900 W. The inclusion complex of lemongrass oil and the NP CaO NP were then incorporated into the chitosan matrix to form antibacterial materials and characterized. The inclusion process was optimally at a mole ratio of βCD: MSD oil 1:1 which resulted in inclusion complex powder with entrapment efficiency of 88.82% and loading capacity of 15.71%. The β-CD−MSD inclusion complex had antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli at a minimum concentration of 10 mg/mL with antibacterial activity against E. coli was greater. The release profile of the active compound from the β-CD−MSD inclusion complex indicated that the release rate could be decreased. The synthesized CaO NP at 900 W irradiation for 5 minutes were cubic crystals with a particle size of 69 nm and at concentrations from 0.1% already had antibacterial activity antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria was greater. The combination of the two antibacterial agents in the chitosan matrix resulted the antibacterial material with better antibacterial activity. In addition, CaO NP can also improve the mechanical and barrier properties of the antibacterial material film. The application of this antibacterial material as an antibacterial label can maintain the freshness of shrimp at room temperature for up to 27 hours.

Abstrak :
The adsorption properties of surface-modified mesoporous silica materials containing ?-cyclodextrin (CD ICS) were studied using two types of gas phase adsorbates (N2 and CH3Cl), along with a dye molecule (p-nitrophenol; PNP) in an aqueous solution. The CD ICS materials possess an ordered silica mesostructure framework that depends on the type of surfactant template and the level of loading of ?-CD. Incremental variations in the uptake of gas phase adsorbates and PNP from an aqueous solution were observed, according to the composition of CD ICS materials. For materials with similar CD loading, the surface area (SA) and pore volume doubled, as the surfactant from dodecylamine to hexadecylamine was varied. The SA of the CD ICS materials decreased by ca. 1.5-fold as the CD loading varied from 2% to 6%. The sorption capacity (Qe; mmol/g) of PNP increased from 61% to 84% as the CD loading increased from 2% to 6% and as the alkyl chain length of the surfactant template varied from C12 to C16. The adsorption properties of CD ICS materials with CH3Cl in the gas phase and for PNP in aqueous solution adopt a multi-layer adsorption profile, as described by the BET isotherm model.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Ketoprofen merupakan obat kelompok BCS kelas II yang mempunyai kelarutan rendah sehingga disolusi menjadi tahap penentu laju absorbsi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh hidroksipropil β-siklodekstrin terhadap laju disolusi ketoprofen pada kompleks inklusi. Kompleks inklusi ketoprofen-hidroksipropil β-siklodekstrin dibuat dengan perbandingan molar 1:1 dan 1:2 menggunakan metode semprot kering. Kompleks inklusi dikarakterisasi dengan uji disolusi, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) dan X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). Hasil uji disolusi kompleks inklusi perbandingan molar 1:1 dan 1:2 dapat meningkatkan laju disolusi ketoprofen dalam medium aquadest dan dapar fosfat 0,05 M pH 7,5. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR, DSC, dan XRPD menunjukkan terjadinya pembentukan kompleks inklusi. Hasil uji DSC menunjukkan hilangnya puncak peleburan dan penurunan panas peleburan. Sedangkan hasil uji XRPD menunjukkan adanya penurunan derajat kristalinitas dan ukuran kristalit. Peningkatan laju disolusi dalam medium aquadest mencapai 1,58 kali dan 1,61 kali pada kompleks inklusi perbandingan molar 1:1 dan 1:2. Sedangkan peningkatan laju disolusi dalam medium dapar fosfat 0,05 M pH 7,5 mencapai 1,16 kali dan 1,21 kali pada kompleks inklusi dengan perbandingan molar 1:1 dan 1:2.

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ABSTRACT
Ketoprofen is a BCS class II drug with low solubility with the result that dissolution becomes rate limiting step of drug absorption rate. This study is aimed to determine the effect of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin toward dissolution rate of ketoprofen in inclusion complexes. Ketoprofen-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were made with molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 using spray drying method. Inclusion complexes were characterized by dissolution test, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). The dissolution test result could enhance dissolution rate of ketoprofen in medium of distilled water and 0,05 M phosphate buffer pH 7,5. The FTIR, DSC, and XRPD characterization result showed formation of inclusion complexes. The DSC test result showed disappearance of melting peak and decrease in heat of fusion. While the XRPD test result showed decrease in degree of crystallinity and crystallite size. The enhancement of dissolution rate in medium of distilled water reached 1,58 times and 1,61 times on the inclusion complexes molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. While the enhancement of dissolution rate in medium of 0,05 M phosphate buffer pH 7,5 reached 1.16 times and 1.21 times on the inclusion complex with molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. ;