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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Fenomena halo neutron dalam nuklir digambarkan adanya kemunculan 'ekor' dan adanya 'ruang kosong' antara core dan ekor pada distribusi neutron akibat energi ikat yang lemah. Metode analisa halo yang dikembangkan oleh V. Rotival dkk [Phys. Rev. C79, 054308 (2009)] untuk menghitung besaran-besaran halo berdasarkan mo- del Hartree-Fock-Bogoulibov (HFB) pada isotop Cr dan isotop Sn menjadi salah sa- tu alternatif untuk mempelajari fenomena halo. Berbeda dengan Rotival dkk, kami menggunakan model Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) pada penelitian ini. Berbeda dengan hasil perhitungan berdasarkan model HFB, kami fokus mengamati perilaku spektrum single particle energy level 1g9~2 terhadap kemunculan halo pada isotop Cr. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini kami juga memperlajari dampak dari suku cross coupling meson ! − , suku-suku tensor dan suku pertukaran elektromagnetik pada model RMF terhadap kemunculan halo pada isotop Cr dan isotop Sn. Hasil perhi- tungan prediksi kemunculan halo berdasarkan model RMF lebih besar dibandingkan dengan hasil perhitungan berdasarkan model HFB (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):

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ABSTRACT
In neutron halo phenomenon, the neutron density displays an unusually extended 'tail' and 'empty space' between the core and the tail due to weak binding energy. New analysis method of the halo was developed by V. Rotival, et al.[Phys. Rev. C79, 054308 (2009)] in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes, its usually applied with Hartree-Fock- Bogoliubov (HFB) model. Unlike them, we use the model of the Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) in this research. We observed dierent behavior at the level 1g9~2 in line with appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes. Moreover, in this research we also studied the eects of cross coupling meson ! − , tensor, and electromagnetic exchange in RMF model appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes. The prediction of the existence of halo based on RMF model is greater than the prediction based on HFB model (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):, In neutron halo phenomenon, the neutron density displays an unusually extended 'tail' and 'empty space' between the core and the tail due to weak binding energy. New analysis method of the halo was developed by V. Rotival, et al.[Phys. Rev. C79, 054308 (2009)] in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes, its usually applied with Hartree-Fock- Bogoliubov (HFB) model. Unlike them, we use the model of the Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) in this research. We observed dierent behavior at the level 1g9~2 in line with appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes. Moreover, in this research we also studied the eects of cross coupling meson ! − , tensor, and electromagnetic exchange in RMF model appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes. The prediction of the existence of halo based on RMF model is greater than the prediction based on HFB model (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):]

Abstrak :
Penggunaan pompa air listrik satu fasa sebagai turbin-generator pembangkit listrik pikohidro menguntungkan untuk digunakan karena murah, sederhana, kokoh, mudah dipasang dan mudah dibeli di mana-mana. Sesuai standard yang berlaku pembangkit listrik harus memiliki luaran tegangan dan frekuensi dengan rentang kesalahan tunak yang aman dalam mensuplai peralatan. Untuk memenuhi kriteria ini terdapat beberapa masalah, antara lain; pompa air yang digunakan sebagai turbin tidak dilengkapi dengan pengendali putaran, pabrikan pompa tidak menyediakan data model dinamik dari pompa air untuk mode operasi turbin, serta efek cross-coupling antara loop pengendali tegangan dan loop pengendali frekuensi. Dalam penelitian ini permasalahan pengendalian frekuensi diselesaikan dengan menerapkan metode Electric Balanced Load, masalah penentuan model dinamik diselesaikan dengan metode estimasi data-driven, dan masalah efek cross-coupling diselesaikan dengan menambahkan blok decoupling pada model sistem pengendali. Ketiga solusi ini diimplementasikan dalam bentuk desain pengendali frekuensi dan tegangan menggunakan pengendali PID ganda. Pemilihan nilai parameter PID yang tepat, menghasilkan respons tegangan dan frekuensi luaran pembangkit yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan yang berlaku. Dari beberapa skenario simulasi menggunakan Matlab Simulink menghasilkan nilai kesalahan tunak tertinggi pada luaran frekuensi dan tegangan masing-masing 0,0008 pu dan 0,0015 pu serta settling time masing-masing 15 detik dan 11 detik. Dengan menambahkan modul pengendali tegangan dan frequensi seperti yang diterapkan pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pompa air listrik kapasitas 250-watt secara teknis layak untuk dikembangkan sebagai turbin-generator pembangkit listrik pikohidro dengan nilai toleransi tegangan dan frekuensi luaran generator yang aman untuk konsumsi peralatan listrik rumah tangga.

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The use of a single-phase electric water pump as a picohydro turbine-generator is advantageous tobe use because it is cheap, simple, sturdy, easy to install and easy to purchase. The Electric Power Generation which supplying the electric power to the consumer must have the quality of Voltage and Frequency comply to a specific standard code. The standard code mentioned that the power generation must have an output voltage within tolerance +/-10% and the frequency tolerance within -5% and +10%. To meet these criteria, this system has several problems such as; the water pump which used as the turbine do not equipped with mechanical governor, the pump manufacturer does not provide dynamic model data for the turbine operating mode, and the effect of cross-coupling between the voltage control loop and the frequency control loop. In this research, frequency control problems are solved by applying the Electric Balanced Load method, the problem of determining the dynamic model is solved by the Data-Driven Estimation method, and the problem of Cross-coupling effects solved by adding the Decoupling Blocks Compensator in the Dynamic Model Block of the Controller. These three solutions are implemented in the form of a Frequency and Voltage Controller design by using a dual PID controller. The selection of the right PID parameter values resulting a voltage and frequency output response of the generator which meet the requirements of the applicable standard code. From the simulation scenarios by using Matlab Simulink resulting a highest Steady State Error value of generator voltage and frequency 0,0008 pu and 0,0015 pu respectively as well as settling time 15 second and 11 second. Based on the results of the simulation study it can be concluded by added such frequency and voltage controller the single phase 250-watt electric water pump used in this study technically feasible to be developed as a turbinegenerator in a picohydro power plant.