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"Sumberdaya terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah lama dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat setempat untuk berbagai keperluan. Pada saat ini sebagian masyarakat Pulau Tidung menggantungkan hidupnya sebagai penyedia jasa kegiatan wisata yang sebelumnya berprofesi sebagai nelayan. Adanya kegiatan wisata di Pulau Tidung yang tanpa terkendali yang memanfaatkan keindahan karang dapat berdampak terjadinya penurunan kualitas terumbu karang di sekitarnya. Metode pengamatan untuk mengamati tingkat kerusakan karang adalah Line Intercept Transect dan faktor lingkungan diamati dengan pengukuran berbagai parameter lingkungan perairan secara langsung di lapangan. Aspek sosial ekonomi dan pengelolaan dikaji dari berbagai peraturan yang telah ada dan wawancara secara mendalam dengan penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kondisi kerusakan terumbu karang dan faktor penyebabnya baik faktor antropogenik maupun non-antropogenik serta pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung. Beberapa faktor yang diamati yaitu kondisi perairan, kondisi terumbu karang, aspek sosial masyarakat dan kebijakan pengelolaan terumbu karang. Kondisi perairan meliputi suhu, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, pH, salinitas, fosfat dan nitrat. Kondisi karang meliputi persentase tutupan karang, indeks keanekaragaman, dan indeks dominasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama bulan Juni – Agustus 2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung dalam kondisi rusak - sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup antara 21,41% – 30,19%. Indeks keanekaragaman tutupan berkisar antara 2,0423 – 2,1495 dan indeks dominasi tutupan berkisar antara 0,1433 – 0,1466, nilai tersebut memperlihatkan adanya keanekaragaman dan tekanan lingkungan yang sedang, dan tidak adanya dominasi tutupan karang tertentu. Parameter kualitas air laut memperlihatkan masih dalam ambang batas normal untuk kehidupan karang. Faktor antropogenik berupa kegiatan pariwisata, penambangan karang, pengeboman dan pengoperasian kapal di daerah terumbu karang diduga berperan terhadap kerusakan karang di Pulau Tidung. Pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah diatur melalui beberapa peraturan baik secara nasional maupun oleh pemerintah setempat, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal sehingga diperlukan implementasi kebijakan yang lebih baik dengan menerapkan program kesadaran masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan peran masyarakat secara aktif dalam mengelola sumberdaya laut.

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Coral reef resources in Tidung Island has been used by local people for various purposes. At this time most of local people working as a travel provider or tourist guide. The existence of tourist activities in Tidung Island that utilizes the exotic of coral reefs affect the condition of coral reefs in this area. Observation method to observe the level of coral damage is Line Intercept Transect and environmental factors observed by measuring several water quality parameters. Socio-economic and management aspects examined from existing regulations and interviews with local people and tourists. The aim of this study is to discuss the coral condition and the causes of coral degradation including anthropogenic factors, non-anthropogenic and management of coral reefs in Tidung Island, Seribu Islands, north off Jakarta. Several factors were observed, namely the condition of waters, coral reefs, and social aspects and management. Water conditions include temperature, brightness, speed of flow, pH, salinity, phosphate and nitrate, and the condition of coral include life form percentage, index of diversity, and dominance index. The research was conducted during June to August 2011. The results show that the condition of coral reefs in Tidung Island was categorised bad condition to moderate with the percentage of life form ranges between 21.41% - 30.19%. Index of diversity ranged from 2.0423 to 2.1495 and dominance index ranged between 0.1433 to 0.1466. These showed ​​that the level of diversity and environmental pressures are medium, and has no a spesific type of coral cover that dominates in coral reefs. Water quality parameters are still within normal limits for coral life. Anthropogenic factors such as tourism, mining coral, destructive fishing (bombings) and the operation of ships in coral reef are thought to contribute to destruction of coral reef in Tidung Island. Management of coral reefs in Tidung Island has been governed by several regulations by both national and local government, but the implementation has not been optimized so the implementation of better policies by implementing public awareness programs, law enforcement and community participation in managing marine resources is needed."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang dalam hukum internasional. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini membahas mengenai kondisi terumbu karang di dunia dan pengaturan perlindungan terumbu karang menurut konvensikonvensi internasional. Akan dibahas pula mengenai empat kerjasama regional yang dibentuk oleh negara-negara yang peduli terhadap eksistensi terumbu karang. Pada akhir pembahasan, akan diulas mengenai perlindungan terumbu karang di Indonesia dan keikutsertaan Indonesia pada CTI-CFF dalam rangka melindungi terumbu karang di wilayah Indonesia. Pada akhir skripsi ini, terdapat tiga simpulan dan tiga saran yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap terumbu karang.

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This thesis discusses the protection of coral reefs in the regulation of international law. The research method in this thesis is a normative juridical study. The discussion in this thesis to discuss the condition of the world's coral reefs and coral reef protection regulation according to international conventions. Will be also discusses four regional cooperation formed by the countries concerned with the existence of coral reefs. At the end of the discussion, review the protection of coral reefs in Indonesia and Indonesia's participation in the CTI-CFF in order to protect the coral reefs in areas of Indonesia. At the end of this thesis, there are three conclusions and three suggestions relating to the protection of coral reefs."

"ABSTRACTProviding accurate information on suitable multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia is a challenge for coastal remote-sensing experts. As coral reefs vary in spatial extent, shape, length, perimeter and/or distance to shore, the mapping of coral reefs will need different satellite sensors depending on the objectives and the kind of information required. This work compares the suitability of two kinds of multispectral satellite sensors for mapping coral reefs in Indonesia, high and moderate spatial resolution. This was done through a case study of Wakatobi Marine National Park since that represents many types of coral reef in Indonesia (fringing, barrier, atoll, and patch). Indonesian coral reef shapefile data 2010 was downloaded from UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) website, and Landsat 7 ETM + images, path/row 112/064 was used to determine the terrestrial area of Wakatobi Islands. Both high and moderate spatial resolution sensors are suitable for mapping the benthic communities and geomorphic zones on coral reefs. The former are more accurate but they are also much less cost-effective, especially over large areas."

"Coral reefs are the 'rain forests' of the ocean, containing the highest diversity of marine organisms and facing the greatest threats from humans. As shallow-water coastal habitats, they support a wide range of economically and culturally important activities, from fishing to tourism. Their accessibility makes reefs vulnerable to local threats that include over-fishing, pollution and physical damage. Reefs also face global problems, such as climate change, which may be responsible for recent widespread coral mortality and increased frequency of hurricane damage. This book, first published in 2006, summarises the state of knowledge about the status of reefs, the problems they face, and potential solutions. The topics considered range from concerns about extinction of coral reef species to economic and social issues affecting the well-being of people who depend on reefs. The result is a multi-disciplinary perspective on problems and solutions to the coral reef crisis."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis intensitas pemanfaatan ekosistem terumbu karang serta hubungannya terhadap sosial ekononi masyarakat Desa Ujunggenteng, Kabupaten Sukabumi. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah Desa Ujunggenteng memiliki potensi perikanan dan pariwisata yang besar, dengan mayoritas bermata pencaharian sebagai nelayan yang bergantung pada musim. Aktivitas masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sering mengganggu ekosistem terumbu karang, sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan akibat aktivitas tersebut, pemanfaatan dan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang ini berpengaruh besar terhadap sosial ekonomi masyarakat Desa Ujunggenteng. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode wawancara, kuesioner dan plotting. Variabel yang digunakan untuk menganalisis adalah terumbu karang, hasil pemanfaatan, waktu pemanfaatan, produksi pemanfaatan, hambatan pemanfaatan, pendapatan dan kelompok sosial. Analisis yang dilakukan secara spasial untuk mengetahui intensitas pemanfaatan, bahwa distribusi intensitas tinggi pemanfaatan ekosistem terumbu karang pada musim Panen dan musim paceklik berada di wilayah barat Pantai Ujunggenteng dengan karakteristik perairan jernih memiliki turbiditas rendah yang terletak berdekatan dengan Pantai Pengumbahan di Desa Pangumbahan yang dikenal sebagai tempat konservasi penyu, sedangkan intensitas rendah pemanfaatan ekosistem terumbu karang pada musim Panen dan musim paceklik berada di wilayah timur Pantai Ujunggenteng dengan karakteristik perairan keruh memiliki turbiditas sedang hingga tinggi yang terletak berdekatan dengan Pantai Pandan di Desa Cikangkung, perbedaan intensitas tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor alam dan aktivitas manusia. Analisis deskriptif untuk memahami hubungan sosial ekonomi masyarakat, bahwa intensitas pemanfaatan ekosistem terumbu karang menunjukkan solidaritas dan kekeluargaan, di mana kerja sama menjadi kunci dalam efisiensi kerja serta hasil produksi yang diperoleh, dan perbedaan intensitas pemanfaatan mempengaruhi pendapatan masyarakat Desa Ujunggenteng, sehingga perlu adanya strategi bertahan hidup yang dilakukan masyarakat seperti berhutang atau menjual barang dan hewan untuk bertahan hidup.

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This study aims to analyze the intensity of coral reef ecosystem utilization and its relationship to the socio-economics of the Ujunggenteng Village community, Sukabumi Regency. The background of this study is that Ujunggenteng Village has great fisheries and tourism potential, with the majority of livelihoods as fishermen who depend on the season. Community activities in meeting their daily needs often disrupt the coral reef ecosystem, causing damage due to these activities, the utilization and damage to the coral reef ecosystem have a major impact on the socio-economics of the Ujunggenteng Village community. This study was conducted using interview, questionnaire and plotting methods. The variables used for analysis are coral reefs, utilization results, utilization time, utilization production, utilization barriers, income and social groups. The analysis conducted spatially to determine the intensity of utilization, that the distribution of high intensity utilization of coral reef ecosystems during the harvest season and the lean season is in the western area of Ujunggenteng Beach with the characteristics of clear waters with low turbidity located adjacent to Pengumbahan Beach in Pangumbahan Village which is known as a turtle conservation site, while the low intensity utilization of coral reef ecosystems during the harvest season and the lean season is in the eastern area of Ujunggenteng Beach with the characteristics of turbid waters with moderate to high turbidity located adjacent to Pandan Beach in Cikangkung Village, the difference in intensity is caused by natural factors and human activities. Descriptive analysis to understand the socio-economic relationships of the community, that the intensity of utilization of coral reef ecosystems shows solidarity and kinship, where cooperation is the key to work efficiency and production results obtained, and differences in utilization intensity affect the income of the Ujunggenteng Village community, so that there needs to be a survival strategy carried out by the community such as going into debt or selling goods and animals to survive."

"Indonesia is a centre of global marine bio-resources, particularly on its coral reefs ecosystem. Besides its physical ftmction, coral reefs also provide an aestheticfunction. This beauty of these reefs pioneered the ornamental fish hobbyists to keep the corals and marine iish in their own aquarium tank. Marine ornamental fish trade from Indonesia to the world had started around the early of '80s and stillcontinues to improve until today. Sustainable utilization plan in order to reduce the exploitation pressure on the reefs, particularly for aquarium industry, is done through coral captivity or known as coral culture. However, since thecommencement of this activity there has been no research yet which can explain on the gap between the action regulation on coral culture for the aquarium industry and its implementation in fields."

"ABSTRACTBangka Island is well known as the world's largest tin producer. The inland and offshore tin mining has profound effects on the coastal environment, resulting in the high sedimentation in the water. Many corals suffered physiological damage due to low light intensity. The distribution of stony corals and the status of coral reefs was surveyed at 6 sites in West Bangka waters in October 2012. A total of 72 species of corals belonging to 33 genera and 12 families were found, and 4 species were distributed at all research sites. The live coral coverage was 36% on average and was categorized as being in fair condition. The coverage was 0% at Kamboja Island where the corals were the most affected by tin mining. The sediment flowed out from tin mining, blocked the light, and settled on the coral's surface. Consequently, many corals were buried and the live corals decreased. It is obviously necessary to reduce and control the tin mining."