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"Bromelain merupakan ekstrak dari buah nanas yang belakangan ini sedang banyak diteliti karena khasiat antiinflamasinya. Khasiat bromelain sebagai suplemen makanan akan diserap oleh tubuh dengan baik pada usus halus. Namun, pemberian suplemen secara oral memiliki tantangan berupa kondisi asam lambung dapat mendegradasi bromelain. Oleh karena itu, dibuatlah suatu matriks menggunakan biopolimer kitosan-alginat-pektin yang bertujuan untuk mengenkapsulasi bromelain agar dapat lepas secara berkelanjutan di dalam usus halus. Pembuatan matriks dilakukan menggunakan metode pengeringan beku, karena dengan metode ini terbukti dapat meningkatkan pemuatan matriks hingga 10,53%. Scanning electron microscope dilakukan untuk melihat morfologi permukaan dari sampel. Untuk memastikan bromelain terinkoorporasi di dalam matriks dilakukan uji menggunakan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy dan differential scanning calorimetry. Profil rilis yang dihasilkan melihat adanya pengaruh komposisi biopolimer dan pengaruh jumlah bromelain. Rilis bromelain dari matriks hasil pengeringan beku dari salah satu sampel mencapai 88,32%. Adanya pengaruh baik dari variasi komposisi biopolimer dan jumlah bromelain terhadap profil rilis membuat pengembangan dari enkapsulasi bromelain untuk suplemen makanan terlihat menjanjikan.

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Bromelain is a pineapple fruit extract that is currently being widely studied for its anti-inflammatory properties. Bromelain as a food supplement is well absorbed in the human intestine. However, during oral administration, the extreme environment in the stomach might degrade bromelain. Therefore, chitosan-alginate-pectin is used to encapsulate bromelain so it can achieve sustained release in the intestine. The preparation of matrices is carried out using the freeze-drying method because this method is proven to increase the loading capacity up to 10.53%. Scanning electron microscope was performed to evaluate the surface morphology of the matrices. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were carried out to ensure the drug entrapment. Bromelain release from the freeze-dried matrices reaches up to 88.32%. The variation of biopolymer composition and the amount of bromelain added into the matrices show a good result. Thus, the development of bromelain encapsulation for food supplements seems promising.

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"Chitosan can be prepared in the form of microspheres that serve as a depot for bioactive compounds released in a controlled way to diseased organs. In this study, a mathematical model of potassium chloride release from chitosan microspheres was developed. The model was validated using experimental data. The potassium chloride-loading percentages of 10.01%, 20.84%, and 20.57% were prepared using a cross-linking method. The potassium chloride loading was kept constant at about 20% when the potassium chloride mass in the preparation stage was above 5.024 mg/mL. Experiments and a model calculation of potassium chloride release from the microspheres with a loading of 10.01% and 20.57% were performed. In general, the model reproduces the experimental data. The experiments and the calculation show that during the same period, microspheres containing more potassium chloride release a higher percentage of potassium chloride than do microspheres containing less potassium chloride."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh formula bioaktif fisetin dalam Solid Lipid Microparticle (SLM) sebagai serbuk inhalasi untuk penyakit asma, dengan nilai parameter yang sesuai untuk sistem penghantaran obat melalui pernapasan. SLM dibuat dengan metode emulsifikasi leleh dan pengeringan beku menggunakan mannitol. Glyceryl Monostearate digunakan sebagai lipid, yang dimuati dengan bioaktif fisetin. Surfaktan yang digunakan adalah Polysorbate 80 dan Poloxamer 188. Efek variasi konsentrasi surfaktan, massa fisetin serta kecapatan pengadukan diteliti untuk diketahui karakteristik partikelnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fisetin mempunyai sifat antiokasidan (total fenolik ekivalen 215,68 mg GAE/gr ekstrak, total flavonoid ekivalen 24,74 mg QE /gr ekstrak), serta aktivitas inflammasi mencapai 65% inhibisi denaturasi protein. Yield yang dihasilkan SLM ≥ 86% dengan pemuatan obat 3- 6% dan EE ≥ 69%. Partikel serbuk kering SLM mempunyai bentuk menyerupai spherical dan permukaan kasar dengan ukuran 1-3µm. Nilai rata-rata zeta potensial yang dihasilkan -29 mV. Serbuk kering SLM memiliki nilai bulk dan tapped density rendah (< 0,4 gr/cm3) sehingga menghasilkan Carr’s Index dalam rentang 12-20% yang mengindikasikan kemampuan aliran yang baik. Kalkulasi diameter aerodinamis menghasilkan ukuran 0,8-1,5 µm. Profil pelepasan fisetin secara In vitro dalam waktu 12 jam menghasilkan profil sustained release dan pelepasan fisetin berkisar antara 49 -94%. Selain itu, ditemukan aktivitas inflamasi pada serbuk kering SLM mencapai 29% inhibisi denaturasi protein. Dapat disimpulkan, SLM yang dimuat fisetin menunjukkan potensinya sebagai sistem penghantaran rute inhalasi.

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This research was conducted to obtain a Solid Lipid Microparticle (SLM) loaded with bioactive fisetin as an inhalation powder for asthma, with parameter values suitable for pulmonary drug delivery systems. SLM was prepared by melting emulsification and freeze drying using mannitol. Glyceryl Monostearate is used as a lipid, which is loaded with the bioactive fisetin. The surfactants used were Polysorbate 80 and Poloxamer 188. The effects of variations in surfactant concentration, fisetin mass and stirring speed were investigated to determine the particle characteristics. The results showed that fisetin has antioxidant properties (total phenolic equivalent of 215.68 mg GAE/gr extract, total flavonoid equivalent of 24.74 mg QE/gr extract), and inflammatory activity up to 65% inhibition of protein denaturation. Yield produced by SLM ≥ 86% with drug loading 3- 6% and EE ≥ 69%. SLM dry powder particles have a spherical shape and a rough surface with a size of 1-3µm. The resulting average zeta potential value is -29 mV. SLM dry powder has low bulk and tapped density values (<0.4 gr/cm3) resulting in a Carr's Index in the range of 12-20% which indicates good flowability. The aerodynamic diameter calculation produces 0.8-1.5 µm. Fisetin In vitro release profile within 12 hours resulted a sustained release and release rate ranged from 49 -94%. In addition, it was found that inflammatory activity in SLM dry powder reached 29% inhibition of protein denaturation. To sum up, SLM loaded with fisetin shows its potential as a delivery system as an inhlation delivery system."