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"This article discusses issues regarding constitutional interpretation in general, and the interpretation of human rights provisions in the constitution in particular. The setting of the discussion is the role of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia in reviewing the constitutionality of laws based on Chapter XA of the 1945 Constitution. Constitutional interpretation is pivotal in deciding the constitutionality of laws. Therefore, this article aims to propose an interpretive principle to the Constitutional Court when interpreting human rights provisions in deciding the constitutionality of laws. The interpretive principle is the universality of rights. In other words, this article suggests the Constitutional Court adopt the universality of rights principle in interpreting Chapter XA of the 1945 Constitution. The principle of universality of rights departs from the understanding that human rights are natural rights. The interpretive principles that can be derived from the principle of universality of rights are as follows. First, recognition of unenumerated rights. Second, minimalization of the exercise of human rights limitation norms. Third, prioritization of protection of minorities. Fourth, encouraging the use of comparative approach in interpreting constitutional human rights norms. These interpretive principles are discovered through a comparative approach, in this case referring to judicial practices in other countries as well as regional and international judicial bodies that are considered relevant. The rationale behind this proposal is that human rights interpretation using the universality of rights principle can enhance the protection of human rights. Suppose judicial review of the constitutionality of laws is dedicated to enhancing human rights. In that case, constitutional interpretation should be dictated by the universality of rights principle as the interpretive principle."

"Penafsiran konstitusi adalah salah satu cara untuk mengubah UUD yang dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mewujudkan demokrasi di Indonesia. Penafsiran tersebut dilakukan dengan memaknai gagasan demokrasi dalam UUD 1945. Namun demikian, selama berlakunya UUD 1945 ternyata penafsiran konstitusi tidak hanya melahirkan sistem yang demokratis, tetapi juga berimplikasi pada terbentuknya sistem yang otokratis.Dalam penelitian ini, munculnya Sistem ketatanegaraan yang berbeda-beda tersebut disebabkan oleh perbedaan perspektif penafsiran atas UUD 1945, yakni perspektif internal dan eksternal. Perspektif internal adalah 'penafsiran dari sudut pandang yang terkandung dalam teks UUD, sedangkan perspektif eksternal adalah penafsiran dari sudut pandang yang berkembang di luar teks. Semakin kuat perspektif internal bekerja dalam penafsiran atas UUD 1945, maka semakin kuat kecenderungan untuk berimplikasi pada terbentuknya, sistem otokrasi. Sebaliknya, semakin kuat pengaruh perspektif ekstemalterhadap belmrjanya penafairan atas UUD 1945, maka semakin kuat kecenderungan untuk berimplikasi padaterbentuknya sistem demokrasi.Berdasarkan perspektif penafsiran tersebut berkembang pola~poIa penafsiran orisinalisme, kontekstualisasi nilai dasar, dan' proseduralisme yang bekerja berdasarkan perspektif internal dengan pengaruh perspektif ekstemal pada dua pola terakhir. Sementam dari perspektifekternal berkenibang pola dekonstruksi. Dengan ruang lingkup penelitian yang dihatasi pada tiga masalah, yakni dasar negara, struktur ketatanegaraan, dan HAM, penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif-analitis ini menggunakan V pendekatan normatif, hitoris, dan komparatif serta teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif.Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh simpulan, bahwa sejak awal kemerdekaan penafsiran konstitusi telah dilakukan untuk mendorong proses demokrasi dengan menggunakan pola penaffsiran yang bekerja berdasarkan pengaruh perspcktif ckternal, baik pola kontekstualisasi nilai dasar, proseduralisme, maupun dekonstruksi. Pola penafsiran yang sama digunakan pula pada selepas Orde Baru yang di antaranya mendorong terjadinya amandemen UUD 1945. Penggunaan pola orisinalisme berdasarkan perspektif intemal selama masa Demokrasi Terpimpin dan Orde Baru terbukti berimplikasi pada terbentuknya sistem otokrasi.

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Constitutional interpretation is one of ways to change the constitution that used as an effort to promote democracy in Indonesia. The interpretation is implemented by interpreting the meaning of the idea of freedom in the 1945 Constitution. Nevertheless, during the implementation of the 1945 Constitution periods apparently the interpretation of constitution has not only yield the democratic system, but also implicatin g to the establishment ofthe autocratic system.

In this research, the emerging of those different constitutional systems is caused by difference of the interpretation perspective, i.e. internal and external perspective. Internal perspective means interpretation from internal of the text of the constitution (self referential), while external perspective means interpretation from outside of the text of the constitution. The stronger internal perspective used in implementing ofthe 1945 Constitution interpretation, the stronger its tendency to establish the autocracy system will be. On the other hand, the .stronger external perspective used, the stronger its tendency to the democracy system will be.

Based on those interpretation perspectives have been developed originalism, contextualizatlon of fundamental values, and proceduralism as modes of constitutional interpretation that operated based on the internal perspective with external perspective influence in two latest modes. While based on external perspective has been developed deconstruction.

By the scope of research on three problems, that is the State principle, structure on the State, and human rights, this descriptive-analytical research use normative, historicaI,'ancl comparative approach and qualitative data collection procedure. This research get the conclusion, that since the first independence period the constitutional interpretation has been worked to promote democracy by using interpretation modes that operated based on external perspective influence, both contextualization of fundamental values, proceduralism, and deconstruction. The same interpretation modes were used after New Order regime, among others to stimulate the amendment of the 1945 Constitution. The use of originalism based on internal perspective during Guided Democracy and New Order periods proved that the interpretation was implicated on the establishment ofthe autocracy system."