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"ABSTRAKPenggunaan media sosial telah mempengaruhi beberapa aspek kehidupan kita. Sebelumnya, untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang memiliki sesuatu mereka menggunakan media tradisional. Saat ini, dengan kemudahan akses ke media sosial aktivitas sosial dapat dengan mudah ditunjukkan kepada orang lain untuk merepresentasikan status. Aktivitas pamer melalui media sosial media yang bertujuan untuk mengesankan audiens ini disebut sebagai conspicuous consumption. Conspicuous consumption terjadi saat seseorang mengkonsumsi sesuatu untuk menunjukkan kelas sosial mereka. Biasanya, untuk produk atau aktivitas ritual keagamaan, conspicuous consumption tidak dilakukan. Namun, dengan adanya media sosial, ritual keagamaan mudah ditemukan di media sosial. Posting aktivitas keagamaan ini banyak di lakukan oleh generasi muda atau millennials. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologis, penelitian ini berusaha menggali alasan generasi millennials melakukan posting aktivitas keagamaan mereka di media sosial. Melalui photo elicitation interview, penelitian ini juga menjelaskan produk religious yang di posting dalam media sosial beserta karakteristiknya. Hasil interview menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua aktivitas keagamaan dapat di posting melalui sosial media. Terdapat karakteristik tertentu dari produk atau aktivitas keagamaan untuk dapat diposting.

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ABSTRACTMassive usage of social media has changes several areas of our life. Before, people are using traditional media to show that they ldquo have rdquo something. Now, with the access to the social media people are easily show their activities to present their status. This ldquo show off rdquo activities through social media with the purpose to impress audients are called as conspicuous consumption. Conspicuous consumption happens when people are consuming product and show their consumption activities to state their status or social class. Normally, for a religious product or activities consumers are prohibited to extensively show the activities mostly when it related to religious sacred rituals. But, with the existence of social media, religious sacred rituals are easily found in social media, mostly in younger generation. Using phenomenological approach, this research seeks to explore the reason of younger generation posting their religious activities in social media. Through in depth interview this research also explores the various religious products posted in social media and its characteristic. Purposive convenience data sampling is used to recruit informants. The recordings are transcribed through verbatim transcription and analyzed using thematic analysis. The result found that there are several reasons for young generation to post their religious sacred rituals and not all religious products are consumed conspicuously. There are specific characteristics for the products to be shown off. "

"Perilaku konsumsi conspicuous banyak ditemui di negara-negara maju maupun berkembang. Di satu sisi, konsumsi conspicuous memberikan kontribusi positif seperti pertumbuhan dan percepatan perekonomian; namun di sisi lain dapat membawa dampak negatif seperti jebakan kemiskinan, kesenjangan, pengangguran dan kriminalitas. Di negara dunia ketiga termasuk Indonesia, konsumsi conspicuous dilakukan bahkan sebelum rumah tangga memiliki kemampuan memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, sandang dan papan mereka. Rumah tangga yang melakukan konsumsi conspicuous cenderung lebih mengutamakan pengeluarannya untuk barang-barang yang mudah terlihat publik dan mengurangi pengeluaran lain seperti pendidikan dan kesehatan, sehingga berpeluang kehilangan kesempatan untuk mengejar level pendapatan yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu rumah tangga mungkin mengurangi atau meniadakan tabungan yang sesungguhnya dibutuhkan untuk merealisasikan investasi di masa depan. Dampak negatif konsumsi conspicuous terutama semakin buruk ketika terjadi di kelas pendapatan bawah, hal mana membuat penelitian ini menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Kebaruan studi konsumsi conspicuous ini karena merupakan penelitian empiris yang dilakukan menggunakan data sekunder. Penelitian terdahulu tentang topik ini kerap bersifat teoritis. Jikapun ada studi empiris, umumnya menggunakan data primer berupa survei atau wawancara semi terstruktur. Kebaruan lainnya adalah mensyaratkan adanya kondisi kedua, yaitu nilai elastistas pendapatan positif; setelah kondisi pertama terpenuhi yaitu nilai elastistas harga positif. Kondisi elastisitas pendapatan positif dipersyaratkan guna memilah antara barang dengan efek Veblen (disebut juga sebagai barang Veblen atau barang untuk konsumsi conspicuous atau barang conspicuous) dengan barang Giffen yang sama-sama memenuhi persyaratan kondisi pertama namun elastisitas pendapatan negatif. Lebih lanjut, dengan adanya syarat elastisitas pendapatan positif tersebut, dapat ditentukan barang conspicuous tersebut terkategorikan sebagai barang necessities ataukah mewah (luxury).Penelitian konsumsi conspicuous ini dilakukan dengan mencermati keberadaan efek Veblen pada konsumsi di Indonesia dengan menerapkan model empiris menggunakan price dependent utility function Fechner Thurstone dengan kendala anggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional periode 2008, 2009 dan 2010 (Susenas Panel) pada level yang lebih mikro yaitu rumah tangga, membedakannya berdasar kelas pendapatan (income class), pengeluaran konsumsi, menggunakan variabel kontrol, dan penerapan kepada delapan kelompok barang, dengan harga masing-masing kelompok barang diproksi menggunakan indeks harga konsumen (IHK). Uji empiris dilakukan menggunakan metoda estimasi panel seemingly unrelated regression (SUR Panel) untuk mengolah data panel yang merupakan kombinasi data cross section dan time series (rumah tangga dengan pengeluaran konsumsi serta harga sepanjang periode 2008, 2009 dan 2010). Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji keberadaan efek Veblen dalam perilaku konsumsi di Indonesia; mengeksplorasi kelompok-kelompok barang yang memiliki efek Veblen; serta mengidentifikasi perbedaan kelompok-kelompok barang yang memiliki efek Veblen antar kelas pendapatan. Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperluas wawasan dan pemahaman masyarakat serta para pengambil kebijakan terkait konsumsi conspicuous di Indonesia. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya konsumsi conspicuous di Indonesia, terlihat dari ditemuinya efek Veblen di seluruh kelas pendapatan rumah tangga. Kelompok barang conspicuous dapat berbeda antar kelas pendapatan dimana kelompok barang sandang dan barang pribadi ditemui di setiap kelas pendapatan. Barang dengan efek Veblen di Indonesia umumnya berupa barang neccesities kecuali kelompok barang bahan makanan di kelas pendapatan atas, serta kelompok barang transpor, komunikasi, jasa keuangan di kelas pendapatan bawah; keduanya merupakan barang mewah.

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Conspicuous consumption is commonly found in both developed and developing countries. On the one hand, conspicuous consumption contributes positively to the growth and acceleration of the economy; but on the other hand it can bring negative impacts like poverty traps, inequalities, unemployment and crime. In third world countries including Indonesia, conspicuous consumption is conducted even before households have the ability to fulfil their food, clothing and housing needs. Households involved in conspicuous consumption tend to spend more on visible items and reduce other expenses such as education and health, thus losing the opportunity to acquire higher income. Moreover, households may reduce or eliminate savings which actually required to apprehend future investments. The negative impact of conspicuous consumption is especially worse when it occurs in lower income classes, which makes this research crucial to be conducted.

The novelty of this study is its empirical type and the enactment of secondary data. Previous research on this topic is often theoretical. Even if there are empirical studies, they are using primary data like interview or semi-structured survey. Another novelty is the prerequisite of second condition, namely the positive value of income elasticity; after the first condition of positive price elasticity is met. This second condition is required to distinguish goods with positive Veblen effects (also referred as Veblen goods, or goods for conspicuous, or conspicuous consumption) with Giffen goods that characterized with negative income elasticity. Furthermore, by the condition of positive income elasticity, conspicuous goods can be categorized as of necessities or luxury goods.

This study aims to examine the existence of Veblen effects in consumption behavior in Indonesia; exploring groups of goods that have Veblen effects; and identifying different groups of goods with Veblen effects among income classes. This research is expected to broaden the insight and understanding of people and policy makers related to conspicuous consumption in Indonesia.

This research is done by observing the existence of Veblen effect on consumption in Indonesia by applying empirical model using Fechner Thurstone price dependent utility function with budget constraint. This study uses secondary data of the National Socioeconomic Survey of 2008, 2009 and 2010 (Susenas Panel) at the micro (households) level, characterised by income classes, consumption expenditures, control variables, eight groups of bundle goods, at the price proxied with the consumer price index (CPI). The empirical assessment was conducted using panel seemingly unrelated regression (SUR Panel) estimation method to process panel data which is a combination of cross section and time series data (households with consumption expenditures and prices during the period of 2008, 2009 and 2010).

This study concluded about the existence of conspicuous consumption in Indonesia, that Veblen effects are found in all income classes. Conspicuous goods may differ between income classes nevertheless bundle goods of clothing and personal items are found in each income class. Goods with Veblen effects in Indonesia generally are neccesities goods; except for foodstuffs in the upper income class; and transports, communications, financial services in the lower income class; both are luxury goods."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan penggunaan fitur Shopee Pay Later sebagai alat pendorong mahasiswa dalam melakukan tindakan konsumsi yang mencolok (conspicuous consumption). Studi-studi terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa memiliki pola konsumsi untuk menggunakan barang-barang mewah bukan berdasarkan fungsi barangnya, namun simbol yang ditunjukkan dari barang-barang tersebut. Namun, tidak semua mahasiswa dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan barang mewah itu. Keberadaan Shopee Pay Later hadir memfasilitasi kebutuhan mahasiswa terhadap konsumsi barang-barang mewah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh sistem Shopee Pay Later yang dapat diakses dengan mudah dan memiliki persyaratan yang tidak rumit, sehingga dapat dijangkau oleh individu dengan berbagai latar belakang ekonomi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa berhasil membeli produk-produk dengan merek dan harga tertentu untuk menunjukkan status sosialnya. Faktor-faktor di lingkungan perkuliahan, seperti pengaruh dari teman karena adanya perasaan gengsi dan keinginan untuk mencapai kepuasan dengan cepat membuat mahasiswa menggunakan fitur Shopee Pay Later dalam memenuhi segala keinginan mereka. Tindakan konsumsi mencolok yang terjadi pada mahasiswa diperlihatkan oleh mereka dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. 

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This study aims to explain the use of the Shopee Pay Later feature as a tool to encourage students to carry out conspicuous consumption. Previous studies show that students have a consumption pattern for using luxury goods not based on the function of the goods, but on the symbols shown by these goods. However, not all students can meet their needs for these luxury goods. The existence of Shopee Pay Later is here to facilitate students' needs for consuming luxury goods. This is because the Shopee Pay Later system can be accessed easily and has uncomplicated requirements, so it can be reached by individuals with various economic backgrounds. The results of this research show that students succeeded in buying products with certain brands and prices to show their social status. Factors in the lecture environment, such as influence from friends due to feelings of prestige and the desire to achieve satisfaction quickly, make students use the Shopee Pay Later feature to fulfill all their desires. The conspicuous consumption actions that occur among students are demonstrated by them in their daily lives. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth semi-structured interviews, digital observation, and document study."

"ABSTRACTThis paper looks into the Philippine secondary art market, which has recently emerged with the country's booming economy. Specifically, the paper aims to determine the effect of the August 2015 stock market sell-off on prices and profitability of art auction sales in the Philippines. Works of art may be considered as alternative investment goods for stocks. There may be greater demand for artworks as part of an investment diversification strategy when the equity market is bearish. On the other hand, artworks may also be part of a conspicuous consumption behavioral pattern, such that when income and wealth levels fall, the demand for artworks drops. To determine the net effect of stock market conditions on the Philippine art market, an empirical model is estimated using the ratio of the auctions' hammer price to the starting bid as a measure of art market profitability and vitality. Our regression results reveal that artworks are more of a conspicuous consumption good in the Philippines. Reduced income and wealth after the stock market plunge in August 2015 led to lower willingness to pay for artworks and lower returns in the September 2015 auctions compared to the September 2014 auctions. The "poorer rich" effect appears to prevail over the alternative investment effect in the Philippines."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan konstruksi identitas individu melalui presentasi diri dalam unggahan tren self-reward menggunakan luxury fashion goods di media sosial, serta mengungkap pemaknaan dari self-reward tersebut. Studi-studi terdahulu mengenai fenomena ini terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu presentasi diri melalui praktik self-reward, dan konstruksi identitas melalui konsumsi luxury fashion goods. Namun, hingga kini belum banyak studi yang melihat perpaduan antara kedua aspek ini, yaitu pemaknaan terhadap self-reward dan kaitannya dengan konstruksi identitas melalui praktik self-reward menggunakan luxury fashion goods, khususnya dalam konteks di media sosial. Peneliti berargumen bahwa presentasi diri yang ditampilkan dalam unggahan self-reward menggunakan luxury fashion goods di media sosial merupakan perilaku konsumsi mencolok yang berpengaruh terhadap konstruksi identitas individu. Dengan menggunakan teori presentasi diri yang disampaikan oleh Erving Goffman dan konsep conspicuous consumption oleh Veblen sebagai alat analisis, hasil temuan penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa self-reward menggunakan luxury fashion goods merupakan justifikasi gaya hidup hedonic yang berkontribusi pada pembentukan identitas individu. Kegemaran mengkonsumsi produk tersier seperti luxury fashion, membuat setiap pembeliannya dimaknai sebagai wujud apresiasi dan mencintai diri sendiri. Dengan mengunggah hadiah yang memiliki keterbatasan jumlah, harga yang tinggi, dan nilai materialisme seperti luxury fashion, mampu membentuk identitas diri pada pengguna, seperti elegan, pekerja keras, mampu, independen, hingga stand-out. Namun, keterbatasan atribut komunikasi secara digital dapat pula membentuk identitas yang tidak diharapkan, seperti sombong dan pamer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan observasi digital pada individu yang mengunggah self-reward menggunakan luxury fashion goods di Instagram dan TikTok.

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This study aims to explain the construction of individual identity through selfpresentation in uploading self-reward trends using luxury fashion goods on social media, as well as uncovering the meaning of self-reward. Previous studies on this phenomenon are divided into two, namely self-presentation through self-reward practices, and identity construction through the consumption of luxury fashion goods. However, until now not many studies have looked at the combination of these two aspects, namely the meaning of self-reward and its relation to identity construction through self-reward practices using luxury fashion goods, especially in the context of social media. Researchers argue that self-presentation shown in self-reward uploads using luxury fashion goods on social media is conspicuous consumption behavior that influences the construction of individual identities. By using the self-presentation theory presented by Erving Goffman and the concept of conspicuous consumption by Veblen as analytical tools, the findings of this study suggest that self-reward using luxury fashion goods is a justification for a hedonic lifestyle that contributes to the formation of individual identity. The penchant for consuming tertiary products, such as luxury fashion, interprets every purchase as a form of appreciation and self-love. Uploading gifts that have limited quantities, high prices, and materialistic values, such as luxury fashion, can form self-identities in users, such as elegant, hardworking, capable, and independent, to stand out. However, with limited digital communication can also form unexpected identities, such as being arrogant and showing off. This study uses a qualitative method with in-depth interview techniques and digital observation of individuals who upload self-rewards using luxury fashion goods on Instagram and TikTok."