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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Paradoks kondisi Sumatera Utara selain sebagai penghasil minyak dan gas juga merupakan provinsi ke-2 terbesar produsen kelapa sawit yang saat ini sedang mengalami krisis energi listrik. Paradigma perhitungan jumlah potensi dari limbah cair kelapa sawit (POME) sebesar 94 MW di Provinsi Sumatera Utara yang seakan-akan bersifat terpusat, kenyataannya besar potensi tersebut tersebar dan umumnya terletak di kawasan remote area sehingga umumnya menjadi tidak ekonomis untuk membangkitkan energi listrik dari lokasi tersebut dan disalurkan kepada pengguna. Alternatif skenario lain yang lebih layak adalah pemanfaatan limbah cair kelapa sawit (POME) menjadi compress biomethane yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk berbagai kebutuhan yang memiliki tingkat probabilitas kelayakan NPV>0 sebesar 94,87% dan IRR>suku bunga sebesar 95,18% lebih tinggi dibandingkan skenario pemanfaatan dalam bentuk listrik.

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ABSTRACT
The paradox of North Sumatra conditions other than as a producer of oil and gas is also the 2nd largest provincial producer of palm oil is currently experiencing a power crisis. Paradigm calculation of the potential amount of palm oil mills effluent (POME) by 94 MW in the province of North Sumatra that seemed to be centralized, in fact great potential spread and are generally located in remote areas that generally becomes uneconomical to generate electrical energy from the site and distributed to users. Another alternative scenario more feasible is the use of palm oil mills effluent (POME) into compressed biomethane which can be used as fuel for various needs that have a probability level of feasibility NPV> 0 by 94.87% and IRR> interest rate of 95.18% higher than the utilization scenarios in the form of electricity., The paradox of North Sumatra conditions other than as a producer of oil and gas is also the 2nd largest provincial producer of palm oil is currently experiencing a power crisis. Paradigm calculation of the potential amount of palm oil mills effluent (POME) by 94 MW in the province of North Sumatra that seemed to be centralized, in fact great potential spread and are generally located in remote areas that generally becomes uneconomical to generate electrical energy from the site and distributed to users. Another alternative scenario more feasible is the use of palm oil mills effluent (POME) into compressed biomethane which can be used as fuel for various needs that have a probability level of feasibility NPV> 0 by 94.87% and IRR> interest rate of 95.18% higher than the utilization scenarios in the form of electricity.]

Abstrak :
Penurunan produksi gas bumi dalam negeri mendorong penerapan sumber energi lain untuk menjaga ketahanan energi nasional. Coalbed Methane (CBM) dianggap sebagai kandidat potensial karena karakteristiknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pemanfaatan CBM untuk menghasilkan Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Penelitian ini mengkaji simulasi proses produksi CNG dari CBM dengan teknologi yang menghasilkan emisi paling rendah. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi skenario pemanfaatan gas buang yang dihasilkan dalam proses. Penelitian ini juga akan membahas biaya dan skema transportasi BBG untuk pengguna di Sumatera Selatan. Studi ini menemukan bahwa CBM dapat diolah menjadi CNG menggunakan teknologi yang digunakan dalam pengolahan gas alam konvensional. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh antara penggunaan dan jumlah kombinasi gas buang yang digunakan sebagai sumber energi proses terhadap jumlah CNG dan emisi yang dihasilkan pada akhir proses. Ditemukan bahwa jumlah emisi terkecil diperoleh ketika semua gas buang digunakan sebagai penyumbang energi dalam proses tersebut. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa biaya transportasi CNG akan tergantung langsung pada metode kepemilikan armada transportasi CNG tersebut. ......The decline in domestic natural gas production has encouraged the application of other energy sources to maintain national energy security. Coalbed Methane (CBM) is considered to be a potential candidate due to its characteristics. This research aims to study the use of CBM to produce Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). This research examines the process simulation of CNG production process from CBM with the technology that produces the lowest emissions. This research explores scenarios for utilizing produced flue gas in the process. This research will also discuss the cost and CNG transportation scheme for users in South Sumatra. This study found that CBM can be processed into CNG using the technology used in conventional natural gas processing. This study concluded that there is an effect between the use and the number of flue gas combinations used as a process energy source on the amount of CNG and emissions produced at the end of the process. It was found that the smallest amount of emission was obtained when all flue gas was used as an energy contributor in the process. This research also concludes that the transportation cost of CNG will depend directly on the ownership method of the CNG transportation fleet.

Abstrak :
Meskipun diklasifikasikan sebagai teknologi berbiaya tinggi, udara bertekanan diterapkan dalam berbagai aplikasi industri. Sebagian besar penggunanya memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang efisiensi sistem udara bertekanan, Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan konservasi energi pada sistem udara tekan di industri menufaktur dengan menyajikan perhitungan keekonomian peluang konservasi energi yang dapat dilakukan dan membandingkannya dengan penghematan berdasarkan hasil pengukuran setelah pelaksanaan pekerjaan konservasi energi dilaksanakan. Dengan menyajikan perhitungan penghematan yang dapat diperoleh, pengguna udara tekan akan lebih meyakini bahwa program konservasi energi yang dilakukan akan menguntungkan mereka dan dapat memicu mereka melakukan investasi untuk pelaksanaan program konservasi energi, sehingga program konservasi energi dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih baik. Kebocoran udara yang berlebihan dan pipa distribusi udara tekan yang tidak efisien adalah salah satu penyebab meningkatnya biaya energi. Memperbaiki masalah ini akan mengurangi biaya konsumsi listrik kompresor secara signifikan. Dari hasil pengukuran diperoleh data bahwa dengan perbaikan kedua hal tersebut konsumsi energi dapat berkurang sebesar 25%. Deviasi antara hasil perhitungan dan hasil pengukuran setelah perbaikan adalah sebesar 2,75 %. ......Although classified as a high-cost technology, compressed air is applied in a wide range of industrial applications. Most of its users have insufficient knowledge of the efficiency of compressed air sistems, this paper aims to improve the energy conservation program in compressed air sistems in the manufacturing industry by calculating the savings from energy conservation opportunities that can be done and comparing them with savings from measurement results taken after the implementation of energy conservation work is carried out. By presenting the calculation of the savings that can be obtained, compressed air users will be more confident that the energy conservation program to be carried out will benefit them, thereby triggering them to make investments for the implementation of energy conservation programs, so that energy conservation programs can be implemented better. Excessive air leakage and inefficient of compressed air distribution pipes are some of the causes of rising energy costs. Fixing this problem will significantly reduce the cost of compressor electricity consumption. From the results of measurements after improvement, data were obtained that with the improvement of both factors, energy consumption can be reduced by 25 percent. The deviation between the results of the calculation of savings and the results of measurements after improvement is 2.75 percent

Abstrak :
This book presents a comprehensive review of the recent developments in fast L1-norm regularization-based compressed sensing (CS) magnetic resonance image reconstruction algorithms. Compressed sensing magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI) is able to reduce the scan time of MRI considerably as it is possible to reconstruct MR images from only a few measurements in the k-space; far below the requirements of the Nyquist sampling rate. L1-norm-based regularization problems can be solved efficiently using the state-of-the-art convex optimization techniques, which in general outperform the greedy techniques in terms of quality of reconstructions. Recently, fast convex optimization based reconstruction algorithms have been developed which are also able to achieve the benchmarks for the use of CS-MRI in clinical practice. This book enables graduate students, researchers, and medical practitioners working in the field of medical image processing, particularly in MRI to understand the need for the CS in MRI, and thereby how it could revolutionize the soft tissue imaging to benefit healthcare technology without making major changes in the existing scanner hardware. It would be particularly useful for researchers who have just entered into the exciting field of CS-MRI and would like to quickly go through the developments to date without diving into the detailed mathematical analysis. Finally, it also discusses recent trends and future research directions for implementation of CS-MRI in clinical practice, particularly in Bio and Neuro-informatics applications.

Abstrak :
Pemanfaatan gas bumi sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dapat meningkatkan ketahanan energi nasional, mengurangi beban subsidi negara dan mengurangi emisi gas buang. Salah satu pemanfaatannya pada sektor transportasi adalah penggunaan Compressed Natural Gas untuk kendaraan eksisting bermesin Otto dengan sistem bifuel yang menggunakan converter kit. Dari beberapa parameter pada pembakaran dalam otto engine dengan bahan bakar Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), temperatur dan tekanan awal akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap kinerja kendaraan. Melalui penelitian ini diketahui bahwa daya poros dan torsi mesin kendaraan yang memakai bahan bakar CNG dengan variasi suhu dari 25oC sampai dengan 45oC mengalami kenaikan pada semua variasi temperatur dengan rata-rata sebesar 5,08% dan 3,08%, sedangkan daya poros dan torsi dengan variasi tekanan dari 1,9 bar sampai dengan 2,2 bar mengalami penurunan pada semua variasi tekanan rata-rata sebesar 0,8% dan 2,03%.

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Utilization of natural gas as an alternative fuel can improve national energy security, reduce the expense of national subsidies and air emissions. One of its utilization in the transportation sector is the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for Otto Engine?s vehicles with biofuel system by using converter kits. Of some parameters on otto engine?s combustion with CNG fuel, initial temperature and pressure will give an effect to the performance of the vehicle. This research note that the shaft power and torque of vehicles that use CNG fuel with variation of initial temperature 25oC to 45oC increased in all variations of temperature with average 5,08% and 3,08%. The shaft power and torque with variation of pressure 1,9 bar to 2,2 bar decreased in all variations of temperature with average 0,8% and 2,03%.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kebutuhan energi Indonesia di berbagai sektor pengguna mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya, khususnya sektor industri pengguna energi gas alam yaitu Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Permasalahan yang terjadi di perusahaan penyedia CNG yaitu kuantitas pengiriman yang berbeda-beda pada tiap titik, keterbatasan kapasitas muatan armada, keterbatasan armada, lokasi konsumen yang jauh, terkendala kemacetan jalan, dan pendistribusian masih menggunakan sistem one-to-one. Untuk meminimasi biaya pendistribusian CNG dan membuktikan metode manakah yang lebih unggul dan handal untuk menyelesaikan persoalan multi-depot maka digunakan metode Tabu Search (TS) dan Differential Evolution (DE) dengan algoritma The Vehicle Routing Problem dengan Times Window (VRPTW). Algortima VRPTW digunakan untuk merancang sebuah model optimasi menggunakan program Matlab. Hasil penelitian ini adalah memperoleh model rute dan jumlah armada pendistribusian CNG yang optimal dan membandingkan kehandalan hasil performa dari ketiga metode TS dan DE.

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ABSTRACT
Indonesia's energy needs in the various sectors of users has increased every year, especially the industrial sector energy users of natural gas that is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). The problems that occurred in the CNG provider company is delivery quantity different at every point, fleet payload capacity limitations, the limitations of the fleet, the location of distant consumers, constrained road congestion, and distribution are still using a system of one-to-one. To minimize the cost of distribution of CNG and prove which method is superior and more reliable to resolve the issue of multi-depot then used the method Tabu Search (TS) and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm The Vehicle Routing Problem with Times Window (VRPTW). VRPTW algorithms used to design an optimization model using Matlab program. Results of this study was to obtain these models and the number of CNG fleets optimal distribution and compare the reliability of the performance results of all three methods TS and DE.

Abstrak :
Monetisasi sumur gas X di perusahaan Y yang terletak didaerah Jambi belum dapat dilakukan karena terkendala jumlah cadangan yang minim yaitu hanya sekitar 21 BCF dan kadar impurities yang berada diatas nilai desain fasilitas pengolahan gas eksisting menjadikan sumur gas ini tidak termanfaatkan (stranded gas well). Pemilihan teknologi yang sesuai diperlukan agar gas dari sumur tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan. Perbandingan keekonomian digunakan untuk memilih kelayakan beberapa opsi teknologi pemanfaatan gas yang mencakup jalur pipa, CNG dan LNG skala kecil melalui perhitungan cash flow NPV dan IRR terhadap tiga lokasi tujuan penjualan. Dari hasil simulasi dan perhitungan didapatkan opsi LNG skala kecil adalah yang paling baik untuk target konsumen ke pembangkit listrik di Pusaka Riau dan ke kota Palembang. Sedangkan untuk target konsumen ke Jambi opsi terbaik adalah dengan jalur pipa. ......Monetization of gas well X in the company Y located in Jambi can not be completed yet because it is constrained with minimum amount of reserves which is only about 21 BCF and levels of impurities which is above the design value of the existing gas processing facilities make this gas wells is not utilized (stranded gas well). Selection of appropriate technology is required to utilized the gas well. Comparative economics used to select the feasibility of several gas utilization technologies that includes pipelines, CNG and small scale LNG by calculating the cash flow NPV and IRR of the three different sales gas location. From the simulation results and calculations obtained the small scale LNG option is the best for the target consumers to the power plant in Pusaka Riau and to Palembang. As for the target consumers to Jambi best option is by pipeline.

Abstrak :
PT. XYZ melakukan kegiatan eksplorasi dan produksi minyak dan gas di lepas pantai menggunakan FPSO dengan produksi utama berupa minyak mentah, gas yang dihasilkan diinjeksikan kembali kedalam sumur. Adanya fasilitas kompresor yang dapat menaikan tekanan gas sampai 210 bar, kelebihan gas dapat disimpan di storage sebagai CNG. Penyimpanan gas CNG 10 MMscf, CDTS membutuhkan tangki sebanyak satu unit dengan dimensi 10 m x 10 m. CNG tube skid membutuhkan total skid sebanyak 51 units dengan total dimensi 12,19 m x 41,45 m. Biaya capex CDTS lebih murah $ 700.000 dari CNG tube skid dan biaya opex CDTS $ 62.102 lebih murah dibandingkan CNG tube skid. Ketersediaan lahan di FPSO yang dapat ditempati CNG storage sebesar 20 m2. IRR 11% didapat tarif gas dasar 1,51 USD/MMBtu untuk penjualan 10 MMScfd dan NPV $12.638.398,34 dengan PBP di tahun ke 7. Hasil analisa sensitivitas menunjukan dengan menaikan tarif gas sebesar 100% yaitu 3,011 USD/MMBtu, saat terjadi penurunan laju produksi sebesar 50% maka NPV dan IRR masih dapat diterima.  Harga gas ini layak digunakan untuk penjualan gas di atas FPSO karena tidak melebihi penetapan harga gas di pembangkit sebesar 6 USD/MMBtu. ......PT. XYZ engages in offshore oil and gas exploration and production using an FPSO. The primary production focus is crude oil, and any produced gas is reinjected into the well. A compressor facility with the capacity to increase gas pressure up to 210 bar enables the storage of excess gas as Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). For a CNG gas storage volume of 10 MMscf, CDTS requires a single tank with dimensions of 10 m x 10 m. CNG tube skids necessitates a total of 51 skid units with a combined dimension of 12.19 m x 41.45 m. CDTS exhibits capex costs that are $700,000 lower than CNG tube skids, and its opex costs are $62,102 lower as well. The available land on the FPSO for CNG storage is 20 m2. An IRR of 11% yields a base gas rate of 1.51 USD/MMBtu for sales of 10 MMScfd, resulting in an NPV of $12,638,398.34 with a payback period in the 7th year. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that even with a 50% decrease in production rate, increasing the gas tariff by 100% to 3.011 USD/MMBtu maintains acceptable NPV and IRR values. This gas price is suitable for selling gas above the FPSO as it does not exceed the fixed gas price at the power plant, which is 6 USD/MMBtu.

Abstrak :
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) menjadi solusi bagi industri yang wilayahnya belum memiliki fasilitas jaringan gas pipa. Beberapa permasalahan yang terjadi di perusahaan penyedia CNG adalah keterlambatan pengantaran dan tingginya biaya distribusi. Disisi lain, sistem alokasi yang diterapkan saat ini belum mempertimbangkan safety stock level yang sesuai. Data untuk penelitian ini disediakan oleh salah satu perusahaan gas di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, desain allocation and scheduling diterapkan untuk mencari kebutuhan truk paling minimum beserta penjadwalan tiap konsumen dengan mempertimbangkan biaya distribusi yang optimal. Metode stochastic safety stock digunakan untuk menentukan nilai persediaan yang ada di konsumen. Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan model integer linear programming. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada kondisi deterministik dan stokastik penggunaan 22 truk dengan 6 truk berkapasitas 20 ft dan 16 truk berkapasitas 40 ft merupakan jumlah truk yang optimum. ......Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a solution for industries whose regions do not have pipeline gas facilities. Some of the problems that occur at CNG providers are delivery delays and high distribution costs. On the other hand, the current allocation system has not considered the appropriate safety stock level. The data for this research was provided by a gas company in Indonesia. In this study, the design of allocation and scheduling is applied to find the minimum number of trucks and scheduling for each consumer by considering the optimal distribution costs. Stochastic safety stock method is used to determine the value of inventory in the consumer. The optimization is done using the integer linear programming model. The results showed that under deterministic and stochastic conditions, the optimum number of trucks was 22 trucks in which 6 trucks with a capacity of 20 ft and 16 trucks with a capacity of 40 ft.